Relations structure-odeur soufrée pour une série de composés organiques

Les relations structure-odeur soufrée sont établies en choisisant les fragments de molécules comme descripteurs selon les principes de la méthode GESDEM (Genération et Sélection de Descripteurs et Elaboration de Motifs). La série étudiée comporte 48 molécules soufrées et 34 non-soufrées. 96 % des molécules ont été classées en tant que telles par un modèle obtenu en utilisant un réseau neuronal (RN) de configuration 8-5-1

Dietary fatty acids amplify inflammatory responses to infection through p38 MAPK signaling

Copyright © 2019 by the American Thoracic Society. Obesity is an important risk factor for severe asthma exacerbations, which are mainly caused by respiratory infections. Dietary fatty acids, which are increased systemically in obese patients and are further increased after high-fat meals, affect the innate immune system and may contribute to dysfunctional immune responses to respiratory infection. In this study we investigated the effects of dietary fatty acids on immune responses to respiratory infection in pulmonary fibroblasts and a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Cells were challenged with BSA-conjugated fatty acids (v-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs], v-3 PUFAs, or saturated fatty acids [SFAs]) 1/2 the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) or bacterial compound lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and release of proinflammatory cytokines was measured. In both cell types, challenge with arachidonic acid (AA) (v-6 PUFA) and poly(I:C) or LTA led to substantially greater IL-6 and CXCL8 release than either challenge alone, demonstrating synergy. In epithelial cells, palmitic acid (SFA) combined with poly(I:C) also led to greater IL-6 release. The underlying signaling pathways of AA and poly(I:C)- or LTA-induced cytokine release were examined using specific signaling inhibitors and IB. Cytokine production in pulmonary fibroblasts was prostaglandin dependent, and synergistic upregulation occurred via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, whereas cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cell lines was mainly mediated through JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. We confirmed these findings using rhinovirus infection, demonstrating that AA enhances rhinovirus-induced cytokine release. This study suggests that during respiratory infection, increased levels of dietary v-6 PUFAs and SFAs may lead to more severe airway inflammation and may contribute to and/or increase the severity of asthma exacerbations

BET proteins are associated with the induction of small airway fibrosis in COPD.

RationaleIn COPD, small airway fibrosis occurs due to increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in and around the airway smooth muscle (ASM) layer. Studies of immune cells and peripheral lung tissue have shown that epigenetic changes occur in COPD but it is unknown whether airway mesenchymal cells are reprogrammed.ObjectivesDetermine if COPD ASM cells have a unique epigenetic response to profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1).MethodsPrimary human ASM cells from COPD and non-COPD smoking patients were stimulated with TGF-β1. Gene array analysis performed to identify differences in ECM expression. Airway accumulation of collagen 15α1 and tenascin-C proteins was assessed. Aforementioned ASM cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 ± epigenetic inhibitors with qPCR quantification of COL15A1 and TNC. Global histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity were assessed. chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR for histone H3 and H4 acetylation at COL15A1 and TNC promoters was carried out. Effects of bromoterminal and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor JQ1(+) on expression and acetylation of ECM target genes were assessed.Measurements and main resultsCOPD ASM show significantly higher COL15A1 and TNC expression in vitro and the same trend for higher levels of collagen 15α1 and tenascin-c deposited in COPD airways in vivo. Epigenetic screening indicated differential response to HDAC inhibition. ChIP-qPCR revealed histone H4 acetylation at COL15A1 and TNC promoters in COPD ASM only. ChIP-qPCR found JQ1(+) pretreatment significantly abrogated TGF-β1 induced histone H4 acetylation at COL15A1 and TNC.ConclusionsBET protein binding to acetylated histones is important in TGF-β1 induced expression of COL15A1 and TNC and maintenance of TGF-β1 induced histone H4 acetylation in cell progeny

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

L’éco-efficacité du recyclage d’un rejet de teinture végétale à la garance (Rubia tinctorum)

Objectif: La présente étude consiste en l’évaluation de l’éco-efficacité d’une teinture végétale par le recyclage des rejets de bain de teinture à la garance.Méthodologie et résultats: Nous avons utilisé les racines de la garance cueillies dans la région de Midelt (Maroc) pour teindre les écheveaux de la laine que nous avons préalablement mordancés au sulfate d’aluminium et à la crème de tartre. Les rejets des bains de teinture sont réutilisés pour teindre de nouveaux fils. Nous avons mesuré l’absorbance pour chaque rejet et déduit sa concentration à partir de la droite d’étalonnage préalablement établie. La valeur de cette concentration nous permet de savoir si on recycle le bain à rejeter ou le garnir de nouveau en colorant (mise à niveau du bain).Conclusion et application de la recherche: Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’il y a possibilité d’économie du colorant, de l’eau et de l’énergie, ce qui et un avantage pour la protection de l’environnement, l’efficacité énergétique et la limitation des émissions des gaz à effet de serre.Mots-clés: Teinture, garance, recyclage, production propre, développement durableEnglish AbstractObjective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the eco-efficiency of recycling rejects of dyeing bath from madder.The present study consisted in the eco-efficiency of a plant dye by recycling of the produced wastewater of madder dye bath.Methods and results: in this study, we used the roots of the madder collected in the Midelt region (Morocco) to dye the skeins of wool which we had previously etched with aluminum sulfate and calcium tartrate. The wastewater from the dye baths was reused to dye new yarns. Before using this wastewater, we measured the absorbance for each release and deduced its concentration by means of the calibration line produced. The value of this concentration allows us to know whether we recycle the bath to be rejected or to refill it with dye.Conclusion and application of research: Our work shows that the recycling of the dyeing bath we save money, water and energy (cleaner production) and the environment.Keywords: Dyeing, madder, recycling, cleaner productio

Vegetations as biodeterioration agents on archaeological stones: Comparative study of plant species found on the walls of some Moroccan historical monuments

12 p., 5 figuras y 2 tablasA large number of the world’s most important cultural heritage structures are built with carbonate stones, and are particularly sensitive to the deteriorative factors; as a consequence, the survival of many irreplaceable historical properties in jeopardy. The deterioration of the stone is not only determined by physical and chemical effects, but also by biological agents. Plants are one of the least studied organisms in relation to building stone biodegradation. It is important to know the different species actively contributing to the biodeterioration of building stone, because their presence often leads to physical and chemical actions that are causing deterioration of the structure of historical buildings. Moreover, these biodeteriorative factors can be used as bio-indicators of the state of abandonment of these monuments. The aim of this research was to identify flora, especially plant species growing on the walls of 4 Moroccan historical monuments. The results of the studies carried out revealed a total of 129 plant species, 33 families and 110 genera. The family with greatest richness was Asteraceae (22 species). The most specious genus is Chenopodium (13 species). Despite its relatively small area, the Kasbah of El Mehdiya hosts a considerable biodiversity, representing over 46% of the recorded flora in the entire area studied. The implications of these results for the conservation of this cultural heritage are briefly discussed.Authors are thankful to the Department of Natural Resources & Environment-IAV Hassan II (Rabat/Morocco) for the possibility to carry out this study. The authors would like to thank anonymous reviewers, who offered very helpful comments and useful recommendations on earlier version of this manuscript, in particular, Pr. A. Taleb.Peer reviewe

Essais de vieillissement acceleres de pierres de construction en carbonate dans 4 anciens monuments historiques, Maroc: simulations et évaluations préliminaires des efflorescences salines au laboratorie

20 páginas, 8 tablas y 8 figurasOur ancient buildings are subject to a range of decay processes which endanger the future of architectural heritage in many historic cities all over the world, the ageing process is accelerating nowadays. Most monuments and buildings in Morocco are constructed of the local calcareous stones. Today, these stones show considerable damage in many monuments, particularly through alveolar weathering, which is frequently very intense. Owing to the marine and urban environment, salt crystallization in the stone’s pore spaces has been recognized as the main weathering process responsible for the deterioration of the country’s monuments. Salts crystallization causes major physical damage to natural building stones. The damaging effect of these processes can be traced back to physically induced stress inside of the stone while crystallizing. The increasing scientific research done during the past century has shown that there are numerous parameters that have an influence on the weathering resulting from these processes. However, the working mechanisms of the stress development within the stone and its material dependency are still subject to discussion. A method largely used for understanding the mechanics of natural deterioration is to observe stone behaviour in the laboratory by subjecting them to various imbibition- drying cycles (Benavente et al. 2001; Nicholson 2001; Thua Tri et al. 2006; Ruiz-Agudo et al. 2007). This paper gives an overview of stones salt weathering in four Moroccan historical monuments. Despite the relatively small number of cycles, our results show that there are aggressive forms of salt crystallization which affected the weathered samples.The authors are grateful to Khalid El Khabbaz and Mostafa Naim from LPEE (Experimental Center of Soil Staff at the Public Laboratory of Studies and Expertise), for their technical support for the realization of the physical characterisation. We also thank CNRST (National Center for Scientific and Technical Research) for performing respectively, the X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM-EDX analysis.Peer reviewe

Evaluation de depot des polluants sur les monuments historiques (Maroc): caractérisation des produits d'alteration superficielle, premiers résultats et perspectives futures

16 páginas, 4 figuras y 6 tablas.Air quality and climate quickly changed in the last years, requiring new researches focused on pollution effects, not only on environment and human health but also on outdoor historical heritage. As it is well known, daily exposure to atmosphere in urban and coastal areas causes degradation processes on the stone monument surfaces, being soiling, concretions, films and black crusts, and deposits the most diffused and investigated phenomena. The deposition of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants known to have a destructive effect on the calcareous stones [Nava et al. 2010; Urosevic et al. 2012] seem to be originated from the contamination by atmospheric pollutants emitted by industrial sources and vehicular traffic, particularly sulfur dioxide and by the marine sprays. The objective of this work is to analyze the composition and the morphology of the superficial weathering products on the stone of some monuments, located very close to the Atlantic Ocean (Morocco). The techniques used in the evaluation of atmospheric contamination of the decay products are the Ion Chromatography (IC), the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the X-ray diffraction and the Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (TEM-EDX). The investigated stones are a calcarenite with porous texture, rich in calcium carbonates. Results indicate the precipitation of soluble salts and revealed the presence of different kinds of atmospheric particles: Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca and O. However, the test results demonstrated the decrease in the contents of Calcium and Oxygen. These particulates contribute to extensive stone deterioration.Peer reviewe