Professionnalisation en master d'ingénierie, un dispositif pédagogique innovant

International audienceCe travail rend compte d'un dispositif pédagogique professionnalisant en master d'ingénierie, développant l'autonomie et la reconnaissance du professionnel en formation par rapport à une tâche spécifique. Nous décrivons les origines et caractéristiques d'un dispositif structuré par un apprentissage par problème dans une situation ludique. Le compte rendu de ce dispositif met en évidence un bilan positif pour les étudiants et les enseignants et en esquisse des pistes d'évolution

Les processus d'écriture dans les dispositifs de formation technologique universitaire : une entrée pour rendre compte des savoirs et des temporalités en jeu

Cet article vise à mettre en évidence la pertinence de l’écriture en tant qu'entrée privilégiée pour étudier, d’un point de vue didactique, différents dispositifs de formation technologique supérieure. Un bref état de la recherche sur l'écriture technologique est ainsi présenté et un cadre didactique d'analyse des processus d'écriture dans les formations d’ingénieurs est esquissé. La mise en oeuvre de ce cadre d'analyse est illustrée en référence à deux recherches sur des écrits produits dans des activités de formation d’ingénieurs en alternance. Une attention particulière est portée sur la manière dont les savoirs et les temporalités se construisent dans ces écrits et s’y transforment

LE MANAGEMENT DES STAGES DANS UN MASTER D'INGENIERIE. ASPECTS DE L'EVOLUTION DES PRATIQUES

International audienceThis paper presents the system of internship implemented for "Industrial Process and Innovation" Master students at the Faculty of Applied Sciences in Béthune. After mentioning a few consequences with regard to the management of these internships, we propose an analysis to report on the pedagogical, organizational and institutional skills involved and the methods used to rule them. Indeed, these internships are part of a sandwich training course with three interactive groups : first the institution (University and Company) second the organization (University and Company) and finally the people concerned (trainers and interns). This paper stresses the fact that approaching internships in terms of management means focusing on the dynamics used between the three groups. It also enhances that the methods of management are multiple, versatile, and strongly based on human relations and mainly rely on the team which manages the system.Cette communication rend compte du dispositif de stage du master " Process Industriels et Innovation " de la Faculté des Sciences Appliquées de Béthune. Après avoir brièvement exploré quelques implications du point de vue de la 'gouvernance', un cadre d'analyse est proposé pour rendre compte des propriétés pédagogiques, organisationnelles, institutionnelles et des modalités de régulation du stage en formation concerné ici. En ce sens, le stage est conçu comme faisant partie d'un système de formation en alternance à trois pôles en interaction : le pôle institutionnel (Ecole, Entreprise), le pôle organisationnel (école, entreprise) et le pôle actoriel (stagiaire, formateurs). Cette communication souligne le fait qu'approcher le stage en termes de gouvernance signifie de mettre l'accent sur les dynamiques à l'oeuvre entre les trois pôles du dispositif de formation. Elle met aussi en évidence que les modes de gouvernance sont multiples, changeants, éminemment humains et reposent fortement sur l'équipe qui gère le dispositif

Pression temporelle et situation de porte-à-faux. Regard socio-didactique sur les positionnements professionnels des conseillers pédagogiques de circonscription - « tuteurs terrain »

Cet article aborde la problématique générale du dossier, en l’envisageant du double point de vue de la pression temporelle et des contradictions structurelles qui caractérisent l’évolution des missions de conseiller pédagogique de circonscription. Chargés du tutorat des fonctionnaires-stagiaires de l’enseignement primaire dans de nombreuses académies, les positionnements professionnels de cette catégorie spécifique d’acteurs expriment la profonde ambivalence des politiques de formation enseignantes françaises qui, sous couvert d’accompagnement des parcours, contribuent à asseoir des logiques de contrôle dont les effets formatifs peuvent être très éloignés des objectifs officiellement assumés. L’approche socio-didactique développée permet d’en examiner les incidences au plus près de l’activité d’accompagnement des conseillers pédagogiques de circonscription. Les auteurs s’appuient à cette fin sur huit entretiens exploratoires, ainsi que sur de nombreuses observations directes.The question of this special issue is considered here from the double point of view of temporal pressure and structural contradictions that characterize the missions of the educational advisers. Responsible for the mentoring of teacher trainees of primary school, the professional positionings of this specific category of actors hilight the profound ambivalence of teacher training policies in France. Under cover of support for training, these policies establish control logics of which formative effects are often at odds with the targeted objectives. The socio-didactic approach developed here makes it possible to examine the effects of the mentoring activity. To this end, the authors rely on semi-directive interviews with educational advisers and their observation

L’évaluation comme objet de recherche dans les MOOC : prise en compte du contenu

Cet article présente une revue de littérature sur l’évaluation dans les recherches sur les MOOC publiées entre janvier 2012 et janvier 2018. Il examine, plus spécifiquement, la manière dont les recherches antérieures prennent en compte la question de l’évaluation : est-elle mentionnée ou constituée comme objet de recherche à part entière ? De quelle évaluation traitent les recherches sur les MOOC ? L’analyse thématique de 17 revues de littérature antérieures et de 76 articles empiriques montre que l’évaluation est peu mentionnée comme objet de recherche à part entière et que le contenu est peu pris en compte dans ces recherches.This article presents a literature review of the assessment in research on MOOC by reviewing research articles published between January 2012 and January 2018. More specifically, it examines how previous researches address the question of assessment: is it mentioned or constituted a fully-fledged research object and if so how? The thematic analysis of 17 previous literature reviews and 76 empirical articles shows that assessment is little mentioned as a research object in its own right. Content was little considered as a research object in these articles

Warm stratification combined with organic manure application enhances seed germination and improves Cycas revoluta growth and development

Cycas revoluta (Sago palm) is one of the widespread ornamental plant, used as an indoor and outdoor plant. Seed propagation is extremely hard and time consuming, given the physical dormancy imposed by hard coat. The use of warm stratification improves seed germination by prompting embryos development. As mean to gain more insight on the beneficial effect of warm treatment on seed germination, histological analysis of warm stratified and untreated embryos was conducted. Our results revealed that warm treatment accelerated embryos development, resulting in a rapid differentiation of embryos’ tissues. α-amylase, GA3 and ABA quantification showed that warm stratified embryos accumulated higher and lower amounts of α-amylase and ABA respectively compared to untreated embryos. Regarding plant development, our results showed that organic manures significantly improved Cycas revoluta growth and development. The best response was recorded with the application of sheep manure. Indeed, sheep manure addition increased plant height, the number of leaves per plant, stip length and width by nearby 188% and 61%, 36% and 17% respectively. In roots, the presence of nodules had been recorded in the three applied treatments and more importantly in the presence of sheep manure. At the physiological level, sheep manure supplementation improved photosynthetic apparatus and nitrogen content in leaves (by 75%), thereby explaining the growth promotion. Taken together, these results underlined the beneficial effect of organic manure on Cycas revoluta growth and development and proposed a new strategy to improve plant growth and development with the use of sheep manure as organic amendment

Partager un corpus vidéo dans la recherche en éducation : analyses et regards pluriels dans le cadre du projet ViSA

Introduction du numéro Ce numéro spécial présente un travail coordonné de chercheurs en éducation scolaire qui étudient les pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissage en classe. Il a été mené dans le cadre de la structure fédérative de recherche ViSA (Video de Situations d’enseignement et d’Apprentissage). Cette structure qui réunit onze unités de recherche vise à : développer une réflexion épistémologique sur la nature des données vidéo ; systématiser les pratiques de constitution et d’utilisati..

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18–49, 50–69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries