Derecho del trabajo y derecho de la Seguridad Social, ¿enemigos gemelos?: paralelismos entre el derecho del trabajo y el derecho de la seguridad social en Alemania

[Resumen] A pesar de que en Alemania el Derecho del Trabajo y el Derecho de la Seguridad Social son disciplinas completamente separadas desde los puntos de vista universitario y judicial (y por lo tanto, «enemigos» aparentes), este trabajo trata de evidentes paralelismos y puntos de encuentro existentes entre ellos, y de aquí la conclusión del autor relativa a que los Derechos alemanes del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social son verdaderas disciplinas jurídicas «gemelas».[Abstract] Despite the fact that in Germany Labor Law and Social Security Law are disciplines completely separated from the University and jurisdictional points of view (and therefore, apparent «enemies»), this paper deals with the evident meeting points y paralelisms existing between them, and hence the author’s conclusion that German Labor and Social Security Laws are true «twin» legal disciplines

La estructura de las relaciones laborales en Alemania

[Resumen] Este artículo explica las principales estructuras del Derecho alemán del Trabajo, en el marco de una economía globalizada. Desde un punto de vista jurídico, estas estructuras pueden ser reconducidas a las tres siguientes. La protección contra el despido, la regulación de condiciones de trabajo reales a través de convenios colectivos, y la cogestión, a nivel de empresa, entre el empresario y el comité de empresa.[Abstract] This article explains the main structures of the German Labor Law, in the frame of a globalized economy. From a legal viewpoint, these structures may be summarized in the three following ones. The protection against dismissals, the regulation of the real labor standards through collective agreements, and the codetermination, at the enterprise level, between the employer and the works council

Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi: a request for a critical reassessment

Serra, P.; Carbonell, A.; Navarro, B.; Gago Zachert, S.; Li, S.; Di Serio, F.; Flores Pedauye, R. (2020). Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi: a request for a critical reassessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Online). 117(19):10126-10128. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922249117S10126101281171

Performance of different constitutive soil models: from element tests to the simulation of vibratory pile driving tests

The present study deals with the investigation of the applicability (by means of parameter calibration), robustness and prediction quality of advanced constitutive soil models for the numerical investigation of complex geotechnical problems. The range of available constitutive soil models extends from simple linear to time-dependent and hydromechanically coupled nonlinear modelling approaches. It is the user's task to select a constitutive model suitable for the problem at hand. This requires in-depth knowledge of the soil behaviour as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the available constitutive models, most of which have only been validated using element test simulations. The procedure from parameter calibration using laboratory tests under well-defined boundary conditions (element tests) to the simulation of boundary value problems is complex in many respects and is often not followed with advanced constitutive models due to the large number of parameters required and the necessary laboratory tests. In this paper, the prediction quality of three models, namely Hypoplasticity with Intergranular Strain, Sanisand and Hypoplasticity with Intergranular Strain Anisotropy is inspected. The investigation is carried out based on back-calculations of laboratory tests and a well-documented model test to evaluate their suitability in representing complex soil mechanical aspects, such as the material behaviour under cyclic loading, particularly pore pressure accumulation. The parameter calibration is performed both "manually" as well as with a specially developed automatic calibration software. Subsequently, model tests of vibratory pile driving in water-saturated sand are simulated using the previously calibrated parameters

Sequence variability in p27 gene of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) revealed by SSCP analysis

Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV), is a phloem-limited virus transmitted by aphids in a semipersistent manner. The genome of CTV is composed of a ssRNA with two capsid proteins: CP, covering about 95% of the particle length, and a diverged coat protein (dCP), present only in one end of the particle, forming a rattlesnake structure. dCP is the product of p27 gene for which it is also postulated a function in the transmissibility by aphid vectors. Hybridization analysis showed a p27 gene region, which exhibits different patterns with two probes derived from two biological distinct CTV isolates. In an attempt to screen whether that gene region differs in mild and severe strains, six CTV isolates belonging to different biogroups were compared for variations in their p27 gene by analysis of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The p27 gene was reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR and thirty clones of each isolate were obtained. From each clone, two fragments of the gene were amplified by PCR: fragment (a), 459 bp long, and fragment (b), 281 bp long. Sequence variations in both gene fragments were studied by SSCP analysis. A variety of SSCP patterns was obtained from each isolate, being isolates belonging to the groups II-IV and III those with the higher and lower number of them. Moreover, SSCP analysis provided a rapid procedure to screen the genetic heterogeneity of the viral isolates reducing considerably the amount of nucleic acid sequenciation necessary to gain that knowledge

Biomechanical analysis of a synthetic femoral spiral fracture model: Do end caps improve retrograde flexible intramedullary nail fixation?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Elastic Stable intramedullary Nailing (ESIN) of dislocated diaphyseal femur fractures has become an accepted method for the treatment in children and adolescents with open physis. Studies focused on complications of this technique showed problems regarding stability, usually in complex fracture types such as spiral fractures and in older children weighing > 40 kg. Biomechanical in vitro testing was performed to evaluate the stability of simulated spiral femoral fractures after retrograde flexible titanium intramedullary nail fixation with and without End caps.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eight synthetic adolescent-size femoral bone models (Sawbones^®with a medullar canal of 10 mm and a spiral fracture of 100 mm length identically sawn by the manufacturer) were used for each group. Both groups underwent retrograde fixation with two 3.5 mm Titanium C-shaped nails inserted from medial and lateral entry portals. In the End Cap group the ends of the nails of the eight specimens were covered with End Caps (Synthes Company, Oberdorf, Switzerland) at the distal entry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Beside posterior-anterior stress (4.11 Nm/mm vs. 1.78 Nm/mm, p < 0.001), the use of End Caps demonstrated no higher stability in 4-point bending compared to the group without End Caps (anterior-posterior bending 0.27 Nm/mm vs. 0.77 Nm/mm, p < 0.001; medial-lateral bending 0.8 Nm/mm vs. 1.10 Nm/mm, p < 0.01; lateral-medial bending 0.53 Nm/mm vs. 0.86 Nm/mm, p < 0.001) as well as during internal rotation (0.11 Nm/° vs. 0.14 Nm/°, p < 0.05). During compression in 9°- position and external rotation there was no statistical significant difference (0.37 Nm/° vs. 0.32 Nm/°, p = 0.13 and 1.29 mm vs. 2.18 mm, p = 0.20, respectively) compared to the "classic" 2-C-shaped osteosynthesis without End Caps.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this biomechanical study the use of End Caps did not improve the stability of the intramedullary flexible nail osteosynthesis.</p

Sequence variability in p27 gene of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) revealed by SSCP analysis

Citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV), is a phloem-limited virus transmitted by aphids in a semipersistent manner. The genome of CTV is composed of a ssRNA with two capsid proteins: CP, covering about 95% of the particle length, and a diverged coat protein (dCP), present only in one end of the particle, forming a rattlesnake structure. dCP is the product of p27 gene for which it is also postulated a function in the transmissibility by aphid vectors. Hybridization analysis showed a p27 gene region, which exhibits different patterns with two probes derived from two biological distinct CTV isolates. In an attempt to screen whether that gene region differs in mild and severe strains, six CTV isolates belonging to different biogroups were compared for variations in their p27 gene by analysis of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The p27 gene was reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR and thirty clones of each isolate were obtained. From each clone, two fragments of the gene were amplified by PCR: fragment (a), 459 bp long, and fragment (b), 281 bp long. Sequence variations in both gene fragments were studied by SSCP analysis. A variety of SSCP patterns was obtained from each isolate, being isolates belonging to the groups II-IV and III those with the higher and lower number of them. Moreover, SSCP analysis provided a rapid procedure to screen the genetic heterogeneity of the viral isolates reducing considerably the amount of nucleic acid sequenciation necessary to gain that knowledge.Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecula