Propuesta para la supervisi?n de las cooperativas de ahorro y cr?dito medianas y grandes por parte de la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP?s del Per?

Las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Cr?dito (COOPAC) son entidades cuyo fin es social: inclusi?n financiera y desarrollo de sus asociados; donde ?stos son los ?nicos sujetos que pueden ejercer su derecho de prestatario y/o depositante. En Per?, a diciembre de 2018, exist?an 654 COOPAC, de las cuales 131 eran supervisadas indirectamente a trav?s de la Federaci?n de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Cr?dito (FENACREP), quien no ten?a poder de sanci?n y a su vez era supervisada por la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP?s del Per? (SBS). Desde 2019 entra en vigor la Ley COOPAC y su reglamento, que facultan a la SBS la supervisi?n directa del total de estas entidades bajo un sistema modular -seg?n el total de activos de cada COOPAC- con asistencia t?cnica. Dicha supervisi?n se asemeja a la aplicada actualmente al Sistema Financiero Regulado (Basilea I, II y III), dejando de lado caracter?sticas de las COOPAC: Principios Cooperativos, dualidad del pasivo y patrimonio, conflictos de inter?s, entre otros. En un escenario de crecimiento bajo la nueva regulaci?n, la propuesta presentada muestra (i) ser m?s beneficiosa para los socios y COOPAC, (ii) mantener el enfoque deseado por la SBS, y (iii) responder a la naturaleza de las COOPAC

Ticks from Catamarca and Tucumán provinces: study of a collection from wild and domestic hosts

Durante 2003-2004 se obtuvieron garrapatas de caballos (Amblyomma neumanni) y de corzuela, Mazama gouazoupira (A. neumanni y Haemaphysalis juxtakochi) en Catamarca y de perros (A. tigrinum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus), mara, Dolichotis patagonum (R. sanguineus), lampalagua, Boa constrictor (Amblyomma argentinae) y tapir, Tapirus terrestris (Amblyomma dubitatum) en Tucumán. Aunque R. sanguineus se presume que se encuentra establecida en la mayor parte de los centros urbanos argentinos, éstos son los primeros registros para Tucumán. El hallazgo sobre mara es el primero para este tipo de hospedador. También los registros de A. dubitatum y de H. juxtakochi en Tucumán y Catamarca, respectivamente, son los primeros para ambas provincias.During 2003-2004 samples of ticks were obtained from horses (Amblyomma neumanni) and a gray brocket deer, Mazama gouazoupira (A. neumanni and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi) in Catamarca, and from dogs (A. tigrinum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus), mara, Dolichotis patagonum (R. sanguineus), boa, Boa constrictor (Amblyomma argentinae) and tapir, Tapirus terrestris (Amblyomma dubitatum) in Tucumán. Although R. sanguineus is presumably established in most Argentinean localities, these are the first records for Tucumàn. Its finding on a mara is a new host record. As well, the findings of A. dubitatum and H. juxtakochi in Tucumán and Catamarca, respectively, are also the firsts for these provinces.Fil: Zerpa, C.. Universidad Juan Agustín Maza; ArgentinaFil: Venzal, J. M.. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: López, N.. Sin filiacion; ArgentinaFil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela.; ArgentinaFil: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extension Rural Rafaela.; Argentin

Efecto de la temperatura y pH sobre la actividad y estabilidad de pectinasas producidas por Bacillus spp.

    Las pectinasas se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en la naturaleza, como por ejemplo en productos de desecho, y su utilidad industrial es de gran importancia. En la presente investigación se trata de establecer algunos parámetros cinéticos a nivel de laboratorio para la producción de pectinasas por Bacillus spp. Se aisló y seleccionó cultivos puros de Bacillus spp. productores de la enzima a partir de muestras de tierra de cultivo de papa y naranja en medio agar nutritivo con sales y pectina como sustrato, se incubó y se realizó la lectura agregando alícuotas de una solución de lugol y aquellos cultivos que presentaban mayor halo de hidrólisis de pectina fueron seleccionados. Estos cultivos se sembraron en medio líquido nutritivo más sales y pectina y se incubaron por 24 – 48 horas; luego se centrifugaron y se obtuvo el sobrenadante denominado extracto crudo de pectinasa (ECP), el cual sirvió para realizar los ensayos de actividad y estabilidad del ECP a pHs y temperaturas variables.  Se encontró que el pH y temperatura de máxima actividad del ECP está alrededor de 6,5 y 35°C, respectivamente. El ECP es estable a pH 6,5 y 8,5 a 35°C por 120 minutos, lo mismo es cierto a temperatura de 50°C hasta por 129 minutos y pierde su estabilidad a 70°C a los 120 minutos.Palabras clave: Bacillus, pectinasas, pH, temperatura, actividad y estabilidad

Social sciences research in neglected tropical diseases 2: A bibliographic analysis

The official published version of the article can be found at the link below.Background There are strong arguments for social science and interdisciplinary research in the neglected tropical diseases. These diseases represent a rich and dynamic interplay between vector, host, and pathogen which occurs within social, physical and biological contexts. The overwhelming sense, however, is that neglected tropical diseases research is a biomedical endeavour largely excluding the social sciences. The purpose of this review is to provide a baseline for discussing the quantum and nature of the science that is being conducted, and the extent to which the social sciences are a part of that. Methods A bibliographic analysis was conducted of neglected tropical diseases related research papers published over the past 10 years in biomedical and social sciences. The analysis had textual and bibliometric facets, and focussed on chikungunya, dengue, visceral leishmaniasis, and onchocerciasis. Results There is substantial variation in the number of publications associated with each disease. The proportion of the research that is social science based appears remarkably consistent (<4%). A textual analysis, however, reveals a degree of misclassification by the abstracting service where a surprising proportion of the "social sciences" research was pure clinical research. Much of the social sciences research also tends to be "hand maiden" research focused on the implementation of biomedical solutions. Conclusion There is little evidence that scientists pay any attention to the complex social, cultural, biological, and environmental dynamic involved in human pathogenesis. There is little investigator driven social science and a poor presence of interdisciplinary science. The research needs more sophisticated funders and priority setters who are not beguiled by uncritical biomedical promises

Early Clinical Manifestations Associated with Death from Visceral Leishmaniasis

The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease potentially fatal if not diagnosed and treated opportunely. This article presents the results of the study on the manifestations identified at the time of the clinical suspicion of the VL cases. This study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, the capital of the State of Minas Gerais, located in southeastern Brazil. This study is both timely and substantive because the Belo Horizonte is an area of transmission of VL, with one of the highest VL-death proportions of Brazil. The patients with higher risk of death had at least one of the following characteristics: ≥60 years, weakness, HIV co-infection, bleeding, jaundice and other associated infections. During the period 2002–2009, 8% to 22% of the patients with VL progressed to death in Belo Horizonte, whilst the proportion in the country was much lower and varied between 5% and 9%. This study has identified vulnerable patients who are at higher risk of death from VL and who would benefit from early predictive evaluation of the prognostic. Hence, the knowledge regarding the factors associated with death may contribute for clinical management and for reduction of deaths from VL

An international code comparison study on coupled thermal, hydrologic and geomechanical processes of natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments

Highlights • Code comparisons build confidence in simulators to model interdependent processes. • International hydrate reservoir simulators are compared over five complex problems. • Geomechanical processes significantly impact response of gas hydrate reservoirs. • Simulators yielded comparable results, however many differences are noted. • Equivalent constitutive models are required to achieve agreement across simulators. Geologic reservoirs containing gas hydrate occur beneath permafrost environments and within marine continental slope sediments, representing a potentially vast natural gas source. Numerical simulators provide scientists and engineers with tools for understanding how production efficiency depends on the numerous, interdependent (coupled) processes associated with potential production strategies for these gas hydrate reservoirs. Confidence in the modeling and forecasting abilities of these gas hydrate reservoir simulators (GHRSs) grows with successful comparisons against laboratory and field test results, but such results are rare, particularly in natural settings. The hydrate community recognized another approach to building confidence in the GHRS: comparing simulation results between independently developed and executed computer codes on structured problems specifically tailored to the interdependent processes relevant for gas hydrate-bearing systems. The United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, (DOE/NETL), sponsored the first international gas hydrate code comparison study, IGHCCS1, in the early 2000s. IGHCCS1 focused on coupled thermal and hydrologic processes associated with producing gas hydrates from geologic reservoirs via depressurization and thermal stimulation. Subsequently, GHRSs have advanced to model more complex production technologies and incorporate geomechanical processes into the existing framework of coupled thermal and hydrologic modeling. This paper contributes to the validation of these recent GHRS developments by providing results from a second GHRS code comparison study, IGHCCS2, also sponsored by DOE/NETL. IGHCCS2 includes participants from an international collection of universities, research institutes, industry, national laboratories, and national geologic surveys. Study participants developed a series of five benchmark problems principally involving gas hydrate processes with geomechanical components. The five problems range from simple geometries with analytical solutions to a representation of the world's first offshore production test of methane hydrates, which was conducted with the depressurization method off the coast of Japan. To identify strengths and limitations in the various GHRSs, study participants submitted solutions for the benchmark problems and discussed differing results via teleconferences. The GHRSs evolved over the course of IGHCCS2 as researchers modified their simulators to reflect new insights, lessons learned, and suggested performance enhancements. The five benchmark problems, final sample solutions, and lessons learned that are presented here document the study outcomes and serve as a reference guide for developing and testing gas hydrate reservoir simulators

Glanders Diagnosis in an Asymptomatic Mare from Brazil: Insights from Serology, Microbiological Culture, Mass Spectrometry, and Genome Sequencing.

ABSTRACT - This manuscript elucidates the occurrence of glanders in an asymptomatic mare from Brazil presenting positive Burkholderia mallei antibody titers. The diagnosis was established through a multi-pronged approach encompassing microbiological culture, mass spectrometry, and genome sequencing. The outbreak occurred in 2019 in Tatuí, São Paulo, Brazil, and the infected mare, despite displaying no clinical symptoms, had multiple miliary lesions in the liver, as well as intense catarrhal discharge in the trachea. Samples were collected from various organs and subjected to bacterial isolation, molecular detection, and identification. The strain was identified as B. mallei using PCR and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 5.51 Mb with a GC content of 65.8%, 5871 genes (including 4 rRNA and 53 tRNA genes), and 5583 coding DNA sequences (CDSs). Additionally, 227 predicted pseudogenes were detected. In silico analysis of different genomic loci that allow for differentiation with Burkholderia pseudomallei confirmed the identity of the isolate as B. mallei, in addition to the characteristic genome size. The BAC 86/19 strain was identified as lineage 3, sublineage 2, which includes other strains from Brazil, India, and Iran. The genome sequencing of this strain provides valuable information that can be used to better understand the pathogen and its epidemiology, as well as to develop diagnostic tools for glanders