Império, pluralismo e democracia: o pensamento político no Quebec e no Canadá inglês

This paper reviews the evolution of the political thought in Canada, from its foundation until the current days. Throughout this review, three main concepts emerge as vital in order to understand the Canadian experience, those of imperialism, pluralism, and democracy. Every state organizes its plurality in a particular way. In the case of Canada, it characterizes itself by the existence, in its interior, of societies distinguished by its histories, its cultures and its political status, namely the First Nations, the societies founded by the British and French colonial developmentsand the multicultural groups emerged from immigration. Between these societies, it is possible to observe the occurrence of a hierarchization process, sustained, among others, by the Canadian institutional regime, which ensured the predominance of the English Canada, especially at the adoption of Confederation, back in 1867. However, as other Western societies, Canada has been facing extensive changes since the 1960’. The further deepening of the democratic imaginary has delegitimized the hierarchical character. In the political plan, it is possible to distinguish three phases of these transformations: from 1960 to 1980, a dynamics of contestation marked by the Québécois nationalist claims; from 1980 to 1995, a period of institutional crisis and; from 1995 to nowadays, in realignment of political forces that favored a conservative change in Canadian politics. The political thought also traverses different phases. We observe, initially, a spirit of modernization that assumes, sometimes, radical forms through the integration of Marxists and decolonization perspectives. Thereafter, the constitutional crisis contributed, to feed the contemporary debates between the liberal theories of justice, the communitarianism, and the republicanism. Through this review, we can note a pluralist change that reflects the emergence of new figures of unity. Historically, the Canadian political has developed itself in the terrain of the difficult articulations between unity, duality and the multiple.O texto examina a evolução do pensamento político no Canadá, desde a sua fundação até os dias atuais. Neste exame, três conceitos emergem como fundamentais para a compreensão da experiência canadense, aqueles de império, pluralismo e democracia. Cada Estado organiza sua pluralidade de forma particular. No caso do Canadá, ele se caracteriza pela existência, em seu seio, de sociedades distintas em sua história, sua cultura e seu estatuto político, sejam elas as Primeiras Nações, as sociedades fundadas pelos empreendimentos coloniais franceses e ingleses e os grupos multiculturais oriundos da imigração, entre os quais é possível observar a ocorrência de uma hierarquização, apoiada, entre outros, pelo próprio regimento institucional do Canadá, que assegurou a preponderância do Canadá inglês, sobretudo, no momento da entrada em vigor da Confederação, em 1867. No entanto, assim como as demais sociedades ocidentais, o Canadá vivenciou profundas mudanças desde 1960. O aprofundamento do imaginário democrático deslegitimou o caráter hierárquico. No plano político, pode-se distinguir três fases dessas transformações: de 1960 a 1980, identifica-se uma dinâmica de contestação marcada pelas reivindicações nacionalistas quebequenses; de 1980 a 1995, um período de crise constitucional e; a partir de 1995, um realinhamento das forças políticas, que favoreceu a realização de uma mudança conservadora na política canadense. O pensamento político também passa por fases distintas. Observa-se, inicialmente, um espírito modernizador que assume, às vezes, formas radicais através da integração de perspectivas marxistas e descolonizadoras. A crise constitucional contribuiu, em seguida, para alimentar os debates contemporâneos entre as teorias liberais da justiça, o comunitarismo e o republicanismo. Ao empreendermos uma visada geral, notamos uma mudança pluralista que reflete, no entanto, a emergência de novas figuras de unidade. Historicamente, o pensamento político canadense se desenvolveu amplamente no terreno das difíceis articulações entre unidade, dualidade e múltiplo

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 7, no 2, avril 1971Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 10, no 3, juin 1974Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 12, no 1, février 1976Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Regards d’enseignants québécois sur les élèves doués : points de vue diversifiés

This study examines teachers’ perceptions of gifted students in their class, in a Quebec school service centre, and the influence of personal and contextual variables. The sample consists of 21 primary school teachers (18 women and 3 men). After the lexical analysis carried out with the Alceste software, four specific classes of statements emerge from the teachers’ discourse. In addition, age, teaching cycle, type of class, number of years of experience, involvement in an intervention plan and experience with giftedness predict the heterogeneity of the perceptions of teachers towards giftedness. The results suggest more traditional and stereotypical perceptions of giftedness by teachers. Keywords: perceptions, representations, teachers, giftedness, characteristics, high potential, lexical analysisCette étude s’intéresse aux perceptions des enseignants concernant les élèves doués de leur classe, dans un centre de services scolaire québécois, et à l’influence de certaines variables personnelles et contextuelles sur ces perceptions. L’échantillon se compose de 21 enseignants du primaire (18 femmes et 3 hommes). À l’issue de l’analyse lexicale réalisée avec le logiciel Alceste, quatre classes d’énoncés spécifiques se dégagent du discours des enseignants. L’âge, le cycle d’enseignement, le type de classe, le nombre d’années d’expérience, l’implication dans un plan d’intervention et l’expérience envers la douance constituent des facteurs explicatifs de l’hétérogénéité des perceptions des enseignants envers la douance. Les résultats portent également à croire que des perceptions plus traditionnelles et stéréotypées de la douance persistent chez certains enseignants. Mots-clés : perceptions, représentations, enseignants, douance, caractéristiques, haut potentiel, analyse lexical

Attachment and coping in psychosis in relation to spiritual figures

Background: Studies have found higher levels of insecure attachment in individuals with schizophrenia. Attachment theory provides a framework necessary for conceptualizing the development of interpersonal functioning. Some aspects of the attachment of the believer to his/her spiritual figure are similar to those between the child and his/her parents. The correspondence hypothesis suggests that early child-parent interactions correspond to a person's relation to a spiritual figure. The compensation hypothesis suggests that an insecure attachment history would lead to a strong religiousness/spirituality as a compensation for the lack of felt security. The aim of this study is to explore attachment models in psychosis vs. healthy controls, the relationships between attachment and psychopathology and the attachment processes related to spiritual figures. Methods: Attachment models were measured in 30 patients with psychosis and 18 controls with the AAI (Adult Attachment interview) in relationship with psychopathology. Beliefs and practices related to a spiritual figure were investigated by qualitative and quantitative analyses. Results: Patients with psychosis showed a high prevalence of insecure avoidant attachment. Spiritual entities functioned like attachment figures in two thirds of cases. Interviews revealed the transformation of internal working models within relation to a spiritual figure: a compensation process was found in 7 of the 32 subjects who showed a significant attachment to a spiritual figure. Conclusions: Attachment theory allows us to highlight one of the underlying dimensions of spiritual coping in patients with psychosis

À l’ombre de l’individu

Le couple individu/citoyen renvoie aux enjeux essentiels de la philosophie politique moderne. Il rejoint également un aspect important de la réflexion des sciences sociales sur la modernité effective, considérée dans sa structure, dans sa dynamique ou à travers les principales représentations, idéalisées ou critiques, que l’homme moderne entretient de lui-même. Les diverses études publiées dans cet ouvrage témoignent par ailleurs de la centralité persistante du couple individu/citoyen pour sa..