Incidence of Foramen Meningo - Orbitale in South Indian Population

Foramen meningo-orbitale is a small inconsistent foramen usually found on the roof or the lateral wall of orbit forming an additional connection between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa. It is usually single but may also be multiple transmitting the orbital branch of middle meningeal artery. In the current study we investigated 97 adult dried human skulls it was found to be present in 43 skulls (44.32%), it was unilateral 27 skulls (27.83%) and found bilaterally in 16 skulls (16.49%). The incidence of this foramen may be of surgical significance for surgeries related to the anterior cranial fossa and also to ophthalmologist

Formulation and Evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate Microspheres using Various Polymers

INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a condition that occurs when the venous wall and/or valves in the leg veins are not working effectively, making it difficult for blood to return to the heart from the legs. CVI causes blood to “pool” or collect in these veins, and this pooling is called stasis. CAUSES CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY: 1. Veins return blood to the heart from all the body’s organs. To reach the heart, the blood needs to flow upward from the veins in the legs. Calf muscles and the muscles in the feet need to contract with each step to squeeze the veins and push the blood upward. To keep the blood flowing up, and not back down, the veins contain one-way valves. 2. Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when these valves become damaged, allowing the blood to leak backward. Valve damage may occur as the result of aging, extended sitting or standing or a combination of aging and reduced mobility. When the veins and valves are weakened to the point where it is difficult for the blood to flow up to the heart, blood pressure in the veins stays elevated for long periods of time, leading to CVI. 3. CVI most commonly occurs as the result of a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs, a disease known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). CVI also results from pelvic tumors and vascular malformations, and sometimes occurs for unknown reasons. Failure of the valves in leg veins to hold blood against gravity leads to sluggish movement of blood out of the veins, resulting in swollen legs. AIM OF PRESENT STUDY: Calcium Dobesilate is controlled release microspheres are gaining prominence as new targeted drug delivery system. This dosage form has to be administered orally for controlling the drug release. In this study, an effort has been made to formulate controlled release microspheres using polymer HPMC K100, Ethyl Cellulose, Eudragit L100, Sodium Alginate. Controlled release microspheres are gaining prominence as new targeted drug delivery system. In this study we aim to formulation and evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres for the treatment of chronic venous disease. Hence The Calcium Dobesilate as design controlled release microspheres provided following benefits 1. Microspheres in improve treatment efficacy while reducing toxicity. 2. The microspheres continue to protect the encauplasting agent after administration. 3. site specific drug can be achieved. 4. The microspheres release encapsulation molecules over extended time intervals up to 24 hrs. 5. drug is having Short half life, high water solubility to prolong the pharmacological action ideal candidate for design of controlled release microspheres formulation. 6. Constant drug releases for better therapeutic action. 7. In order to improve patient compliance . 8. Maintain therapeutic window, obtain controlled Drug release. 9. To reduce cost effect 10. To reduce side effects. 11. To reduce dosage frequency. 12. Long duration of action. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT STUDY: Following objectives to develop to the formulation development and evaluation of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres. 1. To perform pre formulation studies. 2. To prepare the microspheres by using different methods- Ionic Gelation, Emulsion Solvent Evaporation method, Emulsification Ionic Gelation Method. 3. Selection of appropriate method for preparation of microspheres. 4. Study effect of various formulations and process variables on Microspheres size, entrapment efficiency and In-vitro release studies. 5. Evaluate the effect of different independent variables such as polymer concentration, Calcium chloride concentration and stirring speed. 5. To determine the compatibility of drug with the polymer by FTIR studies. 6. Study effect of various formulations for In-vitro drug release and release kinetics. 7. To carry out stability studies of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present investigations were Formulation And Evaluation Of Calcium Dobesilate Microspheres for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease was developed to prolong action. The summary and conclusions of investigations is as follows 1. The present study was carried out to design the controlled release microspheres for the Calcium Dobesilate for treatment of Chronic Venous Disease. 2. The microspheres were formulated for controlled release by using different polymers like HPMC K100, Eudragit L100, Ethyl Cellulose in different ratios was found to control and stable drug release. 3. Sodium Alginate & Calcium Chloride is prepared by Ionic Gelation method. Here Calcium- Calcium interacted & sodium alginate is incompatible with drug. So spheres are not formed. 4. The use of Ethyl Cellulose and Eudragit L100 polymer makes a controlled release of Calcium Dobesilate microspheres with dissolution mechanism. 5. By using the enteric polymer Eudragit L100, increases the drug entrapment efficasy & yield value in 0.1N HCL than water. The reason is Eudragit L100 is insoluble in 0.1 n HCL. 6. These concept is explained the application of fixed dose dosage form which results in cost –effectiveness and reduce multiple of dosage forms. 7. From the above observations it is concluded that by Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique Formulation F21 was found 98.2 % at 24 hrs drug release 8. The release characteristics of the formulation appear as to follow F21 shows near zero order drug release and Zero order- Pappas mechanism. 9. Among all the techniques the best method was found Emulsion Solvent Evaporation method for Calcium Dobesilate

3′-[Hy­droxy(4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)meth­yl]-2-oxospiro­[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine]-3′-carbonitrile

In the title compound, C23H19N3O4, the pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation, while the pyrrolidine (with a C atom as the flap atom) and the five-membered ring in the indoline (with a C atom as the flap atom) ring system adopt slight envelope conformations. The pyrrolidine ring makes dihedral angles of 83.3 (1) and 60.4 (1)° with the mean plane through all non-H atoms of the indoline and chromene ring systems, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by two unique N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, which form centrosymmetric patterns described by graph-set motifs R 2 2(18) and R 2 2(14). These two motifs combine to form a hydrogen-bonded chain which propagates in the a-axis direction. The crystal structure is also stablized by C—H⋯O inter­actions and by aromatic π–π stacking inter­actions between the pyran and benzene rings of neighbouring mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.755 (1) Å and slippage = 1.371 (2) Å]

Inter-hemispheric EEG coherence analysis in Parkinson's disease : Assessing brain activity during emotion processing

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is not only characterized by its prominent motor symptoms but also associated with disturbances in cognitive and emotional functioning. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion processing on inter-hemispheric electroencephalography (EEG) coherence in PD. Multimodal emotional stimuli (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust) were presented to 20 PD patients and 30 age-, education level-, and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) while EEG was recorded. Inter-hemispheric coherence was computed from seven homologous EEG electrode pairs (AF3–AF4, F7–F8, F3–F4, FC5–FC6, T7–T8, P7–P8, and O1–O2) for delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. In addition, subjective ratings were obtained for a representative of emotional stimuli. Interhemispherically, PD patients showed significantly lower coherence in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands than HC during emotion processing. No significant changes were found in the delta frequency band coherence. We also found that PD patients were more impaired in recognizing negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger, and disgust) than relatively positive emotions (happiness and surprise). Behaviorally, PD patients did not show impairment in emotion recognition as measured by subjective ratings. These findings suggest that PD patients may have an impairment of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity (i.e., a decline in cortical connectivity) during emotion processing. This study may increase the awareness of EEG emotional response studies in clinical practice to uncover potential neurophysiologic abnormalities

Exogenous coenzyme Q10 modulates MMP-2 activity in MCF-7 cell line as a breast cancer cellular model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background/Aims</p> <p>Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 is a key molecule in cellular invasion and metastasis. Mitochondrial ROS has been established as a mediator of MMP activity. Coenzyme Q₁₀contributes to intracellular ROS regulation. Coenzyme Q₁₀beneficial effects on cancer are still in controversy but there are indications of Coenzyme Q₁₀complementing effect on tamoxifen receiving breast cancer patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this study we aimed to investigate the correlation of the effects of co-incubation of coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on intracellular H2O2 content and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) activity in MCF-7 cell line.</p> <p>Results and Discussion</p> <p>Our experiment was designed to assess the effect in a time and dose related manner. Gelatin zymography and Flowcytometric measurement of H2O2 by 2'7',-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate probe were employed. The results showed that both coenzyme Q10 and N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduce MMP-2 activity along with the pro-oxidant capacity of the MCF-7 cell in a dose proportionate manner.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Collectively, the present study highlights the significance of Coenzyme Q₁₀effect on the cell invasion/metastasis effecter molecules.</p

A chromosome-level genome assembly of Cydia pomonella provides insights into chemical ecology and insecticide resistance

The codling moth Cydia pomonella, a major invasive pest of pome fruit, has spread around the globe in the last half century. We generated a chromosome-level scaffold assembly including the Z chromosome and a portion of the W chromosome. This assembly reveals the duplication of an olfactory receptor gene (OR3), which we demonstrate enhances the ability of C. pomonella to exploit kairomones and pheromones in locating both host plants and mates. Genome-wide association studies contrasting insecticide-resistant and susceptible strains identify hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) potentially associated with insecticide resistance, including three SNPs found in the promoter of CYP6B2. RNAi knockdown of CYP6B2 increases C. pomonella sensitivity to two insecticides, deltamethrin and azinphos methyl. The high-quality genome assembly of C. pomonella informs the genetic basis of its invasiveness, suggesting the codling moth has distinctive capabilities and adaptive potential that may explain its worldwide expansion

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe