Drivers of trophic ecology and food web structure of epibenthic communities exposed to different sea-ice concentrations across the Canadian Arctic Ocean

La diminution de la couverture de glace de mer due au réchauffement de l'Arctique pourrait entraîner des changements complexes et indéterminés dans l'apport en nourriture qui pourraient altérer le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins de l'Arctique. Les organismes benthiques sont des membres essentiels du réseau trophique de l'Arctique et constituent une source de nourriture importante pour les consommateurs des niveaux trophiques supérieurs. Dans l'océan Arctique, les consommateurs benthiques dépendent en grande partie des pulsations saisonnières de l'approvisionnement en nourriture provenant du phytoplancton (c.-à-d. la communauté pélagique) et des algues de glace de mer (c.-à-d. la communauté sympagique), mais nous ignorons encore comment les changements de la productivité primaire pourraient influer sur la dynamique trophique benthique. Afin de prévoir les tendances futures de la dynamique et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes, il est de plus en plus important de comprendre les facteurs environnementaux et biologiques qui influencent les interactions trophiques, les régimes alimentaires des consommateurs benthiques, et la cooccurrence des espèces dans les régions sujettes à des changements environnementaux rapides. En utilisant de multiples marqueurs trophiques, trois études connexes ont été réalisées et présentées dans cette thèse dans le but de (i) déterminer les facteurs qui influencent l'écologie trophique et la structure du réseau trophique benthique; (ii) quantifier la contribution relative du carbone sympagique dans le régime alimentaire des consommateurs benthiques et établir le rôle de la concentration de glace de mer dans le régime alimentaire des consommateurs benthiques et la structure du réseau trophique; et (iii) déterminer le rôle des individus dans les interactions trophiques et la structure du réseau trophique benthique. Dans le chapitre 1, nous avons étudié la structure du réseau trophique de la communauté macrobenthique à l'échelle de l'Arctique pancanadien afin de déterminer les facteurs influençant la dynamique des niches écologiques. Nous avons trouvé que la niche écologique fluctuait entre les régions présentant des concentrations différentes de glace de mer (SIC) sous l'effet d'une série de facteurs, notamment les conditions environnementales, les ressources disponibles et les pressions biotiques comme la prédation et la compétition. Les résultats ont mis en évidence une réduction de la richesse isotopique (c.-à-d. longueurs et largeurs de chaînes trophiques plus courtes) associée aux zones ayant des concentrations de glace de mer faibles et élevées, ce qui suggère une homogénéité et une faible variabilité des ressources consommées par les organismes. En revanche, nous avons observé une augmentation de la richesse isotopique (c.-à-d. une niche plus étendue) dans les zones de glace avec une concentration de glace de mer modérée, ce qui correspond à une plus grande hétérogénéité dans les sources de nourriture basale et des consommateurs utilisant des niches trophiques individuelles. Nos résultats appuient l'idée que la glace de mer est un facteur déterminant important de la dynamique et de la structure du réseau trophique benthique dans l'océan Arctique canadien. Dans le chapitre 2, les régimes alimentaires de la macrofaune benthique des grands fonds marins et la structure de son réseau alimentaire ont été étudiés dans la région de la baie de Baffin. Nous sommes les premiers à combiner des biomarqueurs lipidiques de type isoprénoïdes hautement ramifiés (HBI) avec des rapports d'isotopes stables (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) pour mieux comprendre la relation entre la disponibilité des sources de carbone dans les sédiments et l'assimilation et le transfert du carbone sympagique dans le réseau alimentaire benthique. Les HBI ont révélé une corrélation entre la consommation par les organismes benthiques de carbone organique particulaire dérivé de la glace de mer et les concentrations de glace de mer. D'après nos résultats, les diminutions de la quantité de carbone sympagique atteignant les fonds marins pourraient entraîner des changements temporels dans la composition des régimes alimentaires des consommateurs benthiques, les affectant de différentes manières selon leur guilde alimentaire et leur degré de plasticité alimentaire, ce qui pourrait alors affecter la dynamique du transfert de carbone. Dans le chapitre 3, les isotopes stables (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) ont été utilisés en conjonction avec l'approche des ellipses bayésiennes pour explorer les tendances spatiales des niches isotopiques quant à leur chevauchement et à leur largeur pour trois ophiures cooccurrentes: Ophiacantha bidentata, Ophiocten sericeum et Ophiopleura borealis, dans des régions arctiques spécifiques de la baie de Baffin (BB), de l'archipel arctique canadien (CAA), et de la polynie des eaux du Nord (NOW). Les différences de disponibilité et de diversité des aliments à l'échelle locale ont entraîné la variabilité de l'utilisation des ressources entre les stations au niveau individuel, ce qui a affecté les interactions trophiques, les chevauchements de niche et les structures de niche isotopique des ophiures. Nous avons observé un plus grand chevauchement de niches dans la région hautement productive de NOW, où les consommateurs présentaient une sélectivité alimentaire similaire, tandis que les régions présentant une plus grande concentration de glace de mer présentaient une augmentation de la ségrégation des niches. Enfin, les résultats ont mis en évidence que les ophiures pourraient être des espèces écologiques critiques gouvernant la dynamique, le fonctionnement et la stabilité des réseaux alimentaires benthiques dans l'océan Arctique.Declines in sea-ice cover due to the Arctic warming could lead to complex and undetermined changes in food supply that could alter negatively the functioning of Arctic marine ecosystems. Benthic organisms are essential members of the Arctic food web, constituting an important food source for higher-trophic level consumers. In the Arctic Ocean, benthic consumers depend mainly on seasonal pulses of food supply from phytoplankton (i.e., pelagic) and sea ice-associated algae (i.e., sympagic community), yet it is still unknown how changes in primary productivity might affect benthic trophic dynamics. In order to predict future trends in ecosystem dynamics and functioning, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the environmental and biological drivers influencing trophic interactions, benthic consumer diets, and species co-occurrence in regions subject to rapid environmental changes. Using multiple trophic markers approaches, three inter-related studies were performed here with the ultimate purpose of (i) determine the drivers of trophic ecology and benthic food web structure; (ii) quantify the relative contribution of sympagic carbon in benthic consumers' diets and establish the role of sea-ice concentration (SIC) in benthic consumers' diets and food web structure; and (iii) determine the role of individuals in trophic interactions and benthic food web structure. In Chapter 1, the food web structure of the macrobenthic community was studied at a Pan-Canadian Arctic scale to identify drivers of ecological niche dynamics. The ecological niche fluctuated between areas with different SIC by a series of drivers including environmental conditions, resource supply, and biotic pressures such as predation and competition. Results highlighted a reduction in the isotopic richness (i.e., shorter chain length and width) linked to ice areas with low and high SIC, suggesting homogeneity and low variability of resources consumed by organisms. In contrast, an increase in isotopic richness (i.e., broad niche) was observed in ice areas with moderate SIC, implying higher heterogeneity in basal food sources and consumers using individual trophic niches. Our results support the idea that sea ice is an important driver of benthic food web dynamics and structure across the Canadian Arctic Ocean. In Chapter 2, deep-sea benthic macrofauna diets and food web structure were studied in the Baffin Bay region. We were the first at combining highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers and stable isotope ratios (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) to better understand the relationship between the availability of carbon sources in sediments and the assimilation and transfer of sea-ice algae carbon through the benthic food web. Highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) biomarkers revealed a correlation between sea ice-derived particulate organic carbon (Sympagic carbon or SC) consumption in benthic organisms and sea-ice concentrations. Based on our results, decreases in the quantity of SC reaching the seabed could lead to temporal changes in the composition of benthic consumer diets, affecting them in different ways according to their feeding guilds and degree of dietary plasticity that could, in turn, affect carbon transfer dynamics. In Chapter 3, stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) in conjunction with the Bayesian ellipses approach were used to explore spatial trends in population isotopic niche width and overlap of three coexisting ophiuroids: Ophiacantha bidentata, Ophiocten sericeum, and Ophiopleura borealis, in specific Arctic regions of Baffin Bay (BB), Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), and North Water Polynya (NOW). Differences in the availability and the diversity of local food items drove variability of resource utilization across stations at the individual-level, which in turn affected trophic interactions, niche overlaps, and isotopic niche structures of ophiuroids. A greater niche overlap was associated with the highly productive region of NOW, where consumers exhibited similar food selectivity, whereas regions with more sea-ice concentration (SIC) showed an increase in niche segregation. Finally, results highlighted that brittle stars could be critical ecological species driving dynamics, functioning and stability of benthic food webs in the Arctic Ocean

A food web model for the Baffin Bay coastal and shelf ecosystem. Part 1 : Ecopath Technical Report

This work was undertaken as part of a multidisciplinary research project funded by the Marine Observation Prediction and Assessment Network - MEOPAR (at ULaval), Canadian Institute of Health Research – CIHR (at University of Ottawa), and Sentinel North (at ULaval), and hosted at Université Laval, in Canada. The objective of the overall project is to support the food security (i.e., the availability and access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food that meets dietary preference) of Inuit communities of the Eastern Canadian Arctic, as well as to explore ways to adapt to effects of climate change. Inuit fish and hunt local marine species, from invertebrates to fish and marine mammals, which make a large part of their diet and are central to their food security. With temperatures increasing twice as fast as the global average and sea ice becoming thinner and forming later, climate change effects on the distribution and abundance of Arctic marine species are already taking place. To better understand the effects of climate change in important subsistence species, a multi-species model (Ecopath with Ecosim) will be used to inform the development of an integrated ecosystem assessment. The model will be used as a tool to co-create scenarios of ecosystem change with the community of Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut, to inform adaptation strategies regarding food security (e.g., potential of new fisheries in the region). This report describes the development of an Ecopath model of the Baffin Bay coastal and shelf ecosystem. The methodology, data used to construct the model, data gaps and limitations are described

A new species of Syllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae) from off Fortaleza, north-eastern Brazil

In a study investigating the composition and spatial and temporal variation of the benthic macrofauna associated to the discharge of domestic sewage off Fortaleza, north-eastern Brazil, a new species of Syllis was found. This new species, S. guidae sp. nov., is characterized by having blades of falcigers with subdistal tooth about same length as distal tooth, but stouter than it, with spines on cutting edge almost reaching the tip of subdistal tooth, blades of falcigers with conspicuous subdistal triangular process and unusually long anal papilla between anal cirri, measuring about one-quarter of their length. Syllis guidae sp. nov., is herein described and compared with the most similar congeners.Companhia de Agua e Esgoto do Ceara (CAGECE)Companhia de Agua e Esgoto do Ceara (CAGECE)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)CNPqConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Trophic ecology of epibenthic communities exposed to different sea-ice concentrations across the Canadian Arctic Ocean

Sea ice is one of the most critical environmental drivers shaping primary production and fluxes of organic inputs to benthic communities in the Arctic Ocean. Fluctuations in organic inputs influence ecological relationships, trophic cascades, and energy fluxes. However, changes in sea-ice concentration (SIC) induced by global warming could lead to significant shifts in trophic interactions, ultimately affecting the functioning of Arctic food webs. Despite the increasing concern over the need to understand benthic species and food web responses to rapid sea-ice loss, few studies have addressed this topic so far. Using multiple niche metrics based on stable isotopes, this research examined the trophic ecology of epibenthic communities in areas with different SIC across the Canadian Arctic Ocean. We found that trophic niches varied according to complex interactions between environmental conditions, resource supply, and biotic pressures such as predation and competition. Our results highlighted a lower isotopic richness (i.e., shorter food chain length and niche width) in low and high SIC areas, suggesting homogeneity of resources and a low diversity of food items ingested by individuals. In contrast, a higher isotopic richness (i.e., broad niche) was observed in the moderate SIC area, implying higher heterogeneity in basal food sources and consumers using individual trophic niches. Finally, our findings suggested a lower isotopic redundancy in areas with high SIC compared to low and moderate SIC. Overall, our results support the idea that sea ice is an important driver of benthic food web dynamics and reinforce the urgent need for further investigations of declining sea ice cover impacts on Arctic food web functioning

Reliance of deep-sea benthic macrofauna on ice-derived organic matter highlighted by multiple trophic markers during spring in Baffin Bay, Canadian Arctic

Benthic organisms depend primarily on seasonal pulses of organic matter from primary producers. In the Arctic, declines in sea ice due to warming climate could lead to changes in this food supply with as yet unknown effects on benthic trophic dynamics. Benthic consumer diets and food web structure were studied in a seasonally ice-covered region of Baffin Bay during spring 2016 at stations ranging in depth from 199 to 2,111 m. We used a novel combination of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipid biomarkers and stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) to better understand the relationship between the availability of carbon sources in spring on the seafloor and their assimilation and transfer within the benthic food web. Organic carbon from sea ice (sympagic carbon [SC]) was an important food source for benthic consumers. The lipid biomarker analyses revealed a high relative contribution of SC in sediments (mean SC% ± standard deviation [SD] = 86% ± 16.0, n = 17) and in benthic consumer tissues (mean SC% ± SD = 78% ± 19.7, n = 159). We also detected an effect of sea-ice concentration on the relative contribution of SC in sediment and in benthic consumers. Cluster analysis separated the study region into three different zones according to the relative proportions of SC assimilated by benthic macrofauna. We observed variation of the benthic food web between zones, with increases in the width of the ecological niche in zones with less sea-ice concentration, indicating greater diversity of carbon sources assimilated by consumers. In zones with greater sea-ice concentration, the higher availability of SC increased the ecological role that primary consumers play in driving a stronger transfer of nutrients to higher trophic levels. Based on our results, SC is an important energy source for Arctic deep-sea benthos in Baffin Bay, such that changes in spring sea-ice phenology could alter benthic food-web structure

Year-round utilization of sea ice-associated carbon in Arctic ecosystems

Koch and Brown et al. led a collaborative and comprehensive synthesis that shows the transfer of ice algal carbon is widespread throughout the Arctic marine food web and contributes to supporting organisms throughout the dark winter month

Structure and function of the western Baffin Bay coastal and shelf ecosystem

Arctic marine species, from benthos to fish and mammals, are essential for food security and sovereignty of Inuit people. Inuit food security is dependent on the availability, accessibility, quality, and sustainability of country food resources. However, climate change effects are threatening Inuit food systems through changes in abundance and nutritional quality of locally harvested species, while foundational knowledge of Arctic food webs remains elusive. Here, we summarized scientific knowledge available for the western Baffin Bay coastal and shelf ecosystem by building a food web model using the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling framework. Based on this model, we calculated ecological network analysis indices to describe structure and function of the system. We used Linear Inverse Modeling and Monte Carlo analysis to assess parameter uncertainty, generating plausible parameterizations of this ecosystem from which a probability density distribution for each index was generated. Our findings suggest that the system is controlled by intermediate trophic levels, highlighting the key role of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) as prey fish, as well as the importance of other less studied groups like cephalopods in controlling energy flows. Most of the ecosystem biomass is retained in the system, with very little lost to subsistence harvest and commercial fisheries, indicating that these activities were within a sustainable range during the modeling period. Our model also highlights the scientific knowledge gaps that still exist (e.g., species abundances), including valued harvest species like Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), and seals, and importantly our poor understanding of the system in winter. Moving forward, we will collaborate with Inuit partners in Qikiqtarjuaq, NU, Canada, to improve this modeling tool by including Inuit knowledge. This tool thus serves as a starting point for collaborative discussions with Inuit partners and how its use can better inform local and regional decision-making regarding food security

The Green Edge cruise: investigating the marginal ice zone processes during late spring and early summer to understand the fate of the Arctic phytoplankton bloom

The Green Edge project was designed to investigate the onset, life, and fate of a phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) in the Arctic Ocean. The lengthening of the ice-free period and the warming of seawater, amongst other factors, have induced major changes in Arctic Ocean biology over the last decades. Because the PSB is at the base of the Arctic Ocean food chain, it is crucial to understand how changes in the Arctic environment will affect it. Green Edge was a large multidisciplinary, collaborative project bringing researchers and technicians from 28 different institutions in seven countries together, aiming at understanding these changes and their impacts on the future. The fieldwork for the Green Edge project took place over two years (2015 and 2016) and was carried out from both an ice camp and a research vessel in Baffin Bay, in the Canadian Arctic. This paper describes the sampling strategy and the dataset obtained from the research cruise, which took place aboard the Canadian Coast Guard ship (CCGS) Amundsen in late spring and early summer 2016. The sampling strategy was designed around the repetitive, perpendicular crossing of the marginal ice zone (MIZ), using not only ship-based station discrete sampling but also high-resolution measurements from autonomous platforms (Gliders, BGC-Argo floats …) and under-way monitoring systems. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/86417 (Bruyant et al., 2022)

The Green Edge cruise: Understanding the onset, life and fate of the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom

Abstract. The Green Edge project was designed to investigate the onset, life and fate of a phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) in the Arctic Ocean. The lengthening of the ice-free period and the warming of seawater, amongst other factors, have induced major changes in arctic ocean biology over the last decades. Because the PSB is at the base of the Arctic Ocean food chain, it is crucial to understand how changes in the arctic environment will affect it. Green Edge was a large multidisciplinary collaborative project bringing researchers and technicians from 28 different institutions in seven countries, together aiming at understanding these changes and their impacts into the future. The fieldwork for the Green Edge project took place over two years (2015 and 2016) and was carried out from both an ice-camp and a research vessel in the Baffin Bay, canadian arctic. This paper describes the sampling strategy and the data set obtained from the research cruise, which took place aboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Amundsen in spring 2016. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/59892 (Massicotte et al., 2019a)