From Silence to Social Awakening: Exploring the Personal Trajectories of Activists in Morocco's Post-Arab Spring Movements

The Arab Spring served as a catalyst for various movements aiming to implement political change across the Arab world. Morocco, with its rich history of social movements, witnessed the emergence of the Movement of 20th February 2011 (M20F), the Hirak Rif, and the 2018 boycott campaign. The M20F, in particular, challenged the established fear imposed by the Makhzen, marking a transformative moment facilitated by social media and a call against "hogra" – oppression, injustice, and social contempt. While existing studies have focused on the political and social factors behind activism and the consequences of these movements on societies, the present paper takes a more individualistic perspective. Using biographic interviews with several activists from these uprisings in Morocco, and from different backgrounds and affiliations, the paper examines their life trajectories with the aim of understanding what factors influenced their decision to join a movement and the subsequent impact on their lives. This paper presents the profiles of six activists and discusses the rationale behind shaping their activist careers. The respondents developed an interest in activism from various influences—parental, cultural, media, socio-economic conditions, and experiences of marginalization—all united for a common objective of change, despite diverse ideologies

La Campagne du Boycott 2018 au Maroc Comme Forme de Solidarité et d'Expression d'Indignation

A l'ère digitale, où les individus se trouvent entre deux rives, l'une réelle et l'autre virtuelle, les mécanismes de programmation informatique s'introduisent de plus en plus dans leurs quotidiens et les invitent constamment à prendre part à plusieurs événements sociaux, économiques, politiques etc. Cette participation peut prendre différentes formes, allant du virtuel à l'implication effective, et de la simple réaction et protestation individuelle à l’organisation de mouvements sociaux dont l'impact n'est pas négligeable. En effet, la hausse des prix, la marginalisation et les inégalités sont quelques facteurs à l’origine de la campagne de boycott au Maroc en 2018 des produits des pompes à essence Afriquia, les bouteilles d'eau minéral Sidi Ali et Centrale Laitière. Ces entreprises monopolisent et dominent leurs marchés respectifs. Le mouvement a réussi à mobiliser les masses dans le pays afin de dénoncer les inégalités de la répartition des richesses et exprimer leur refus de se soumettre aux milliardaires. Il s’agit dans cet article de comprendre les facteurs qui ont réussi à mobiliser les différents acteurs à boycotter ainsi que déceler les liens qui les ont unis tout au long de la campagne. On a pu relever, à travers un travail de collecte de commentaires/posts/vidéos en ligne liés à la campagne du boycott 2018 ainsi que la conduite de quinze entretiens approfondis (boycotteurs, créateurs de groupes FB) et d’une vingtaine de conversations avec des épiciers et des serveurs de cafés, plusieurs formes de solidarités que l'on pourrait classer comme étant : solidarité par indignation, solidarité par conviction et solidarité par intérêt économique et social.   In the digital age, where individuals find themselves between two shores, one real and the other virtual, computer programming mechanisms are increasingly being introduced into their daily lives and constantly inviting them to take part in various social, economic, political events, etc. This participation can take different forms, ranging from virtual involvement to effective involvement, and from simple individual reaction and protest to the organization of social movements whose impact is not negligible. Indeed, rising prices, marginalization, and inequalities are some of the factors behind the boycott campaign in Morocco in 2018 against Afriquia gas station products, Sidi Ali mineral water bottles, and Centrale Laitière. These companies monopolize and dominate their respective markets. The movement succeeded in mobilizing the masses in the country to denounce the inequalities in the distribution of wealth and express their refusal to submit to billionaires. This article aims to understand the factors that succeeded in mobilizing the different actors to boycott, as well as to uncover the bonds that united them throughout the campaign. Through a collection of online comments/posts/videos related to the 2018 boycott campaign, as well as conducting fifteen in-depth interviews (boycotters, FB group creators) and around twenty conversations with grocers and café servers, several forms of solidarity were identified, which could be classified as: solidarity through indignation, solidarity through conviction, and solidarity through economic and social interest

Platinum thickness dependence of the inverse spin-Hall voltage from spin pumping in a hybrid YIG/Pt system

We show the first experimental observation of the platinum (Pt) thickness dependence in a hybrid YIG/Pt system of the inverse spin-Hall effect from spin pumping, over a large frequency range and for different rf powers. From the measurement of the dc voltage ($\Delta\textrm{V}$) at the resonant condition and the resistance ($R$) of the Pt layer, a strong enhancement of the ratio $\Delta\textrm{V}/R$ has been observed, which is not in agreement with previous studies on the NiFe/Pt system. The origin of this behaviour is still unclear and cannot be explained by the spin transport model that we have used.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Magnetization reversal and spin dynamics exchange in biased F/AF bilayers probed with complex permeability spectra

The spin dynamics of the ferromagnetic pinned layer of ferro-antiferromagnetic coupled NiFe/MnNi bilayers is investigated in a broad frequency range (30 MHz-6 GHz). A phenomenological model based on the Landau-Lifshitz equation for the complex permeability of the F/AF bilayer is proposed. The experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions. We show that the resonance frequencies, measured during the magnetization, are likewise hysteretic.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Thermal Control of the Magnon-Photon Coupling in a Notch Filter coupled to a Yttrium-Iron-Garnet/Platinum System

We report thermal control of mode hybridization between the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and a planar resonator (notch filter) working at 4.74 GHz. The chosen magnetic material is a ferrimagnetic insulator (Yttrium Iron Garnet: YIG) covered by 6 nm of platinum (Pt). A current induced heating method has been used in order to enhance the temperature of the YIG/Pt system. The device permits us to control the transmission spectra and the magnon-photon coupling strength at room temperature. These experimental findings reveal potentially applicable tunable microwave filtering function.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Influence of yttrium iron garnet thickness and heater opacity on the nonlocal transport of electrically and thermally excited magnons

We studied the nonlocal transport behavior of both electrically and thermally excited magnons in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) as a function of its thickness. For electrically injected magnons, the nonlocal signals decrease monotonically as the YIG thickness increases. For the nonlocal behavior of the thermally generated magnons, or the nonlocal spin Seebeck effect (SSE), we observed a sign reversal which occurs at a certain heater-detector distance, and it is influenced by both the opacity of the YIG/heater interface and the YIG thickness. Our nonlocal SSE results can be qualitatively explained by the bulk-driven SSE mechanism together with the magnon diffusion model. Using a two-dimensional finite element model (2D-FEM), we estimated the bulk spin Seebeck coefficient of YIG at room temperature. The quantitative disagreement between the experimental and modeled results indicates more complex processes going on in addition to magnon diffusion and relaxation, especially close to the contacts.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure

Mueller matrix optical and magneto-optical characterization of Bi-substituted gadolinium iron garnet for application in magnetoplasmonic structures

A ferromagnetic garnet, used as a magneto-optical (MO) material in magneto-photonic and magneto-plasmonic structures, is characterized. We present a general procedure to determine optical and magneto-optical functions of the magneto-optic garnet by using Mueller matrix ellipsometry. In the first step, the optical functions (the refractive index spectra) of the (CaMgZr)-doped gallium-gadolinium garnet (sGGG) substrate and the Bi-substituted gadolinium iron garnet Gd1.24Pr0.48Bi1.01Lu0.27Fe4.38Al0.6O12 (Bi:GIG) are obtained in the spectral range from 0.73 eV to 6.42 eV (wavelength range 193 nm – 1.7 μm). Subsequently, the spectra of the magneto-optical tensor components are obtained by applying an external in-plane magnetic field in longitudinal and transverse geometry. The obtained functions are then used to fit the Mueller matrix spectra of a magneto-plasmonic structure with a gold grating on the magneto-optic garnet layer. This structure has recently been demonstrated to have strongly enhanced transverse magneto-optic Kerr response at visible and near-infrared frequencies. By taking possible fabrication imperfections (surface roughness, residual photo-resist layer, thickness deviation) into account, the measured strongly enhanced MO response fits very well to the numerical model predicting these exaltations.Web of Science491919190

Coherent long-range transfer of angular momentum between magnon Kittel modes by phonons

We report ferromagnetic resonance in the normal configuration of an electrically insulating magnetic bilayer consisting of two yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films epitaxially grown on both sides of a 0.5-mm-thick nonmagnetic gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) slab. An interference pattern is observed and it is explained as the strong coupling of the magnetization dynamics of the two YIG layers either in phase or out of phase by the standing transverse sound waves, which are excited through a magnetoelastic interaction. This coherent mediation of angular momentum by circularly polarized phonons through a nonmagnetic material over macroscopic distances can be useful for future information technologies

Generation of coherent spin-wave modes in Yttrium Iron Garnet microdiscs by spin-orbit torque

Spin-orbit effects [1-4] have the potential of radically changing the field of spintronics by allowing transfer of spin angular momentum to a whole new class of materials. In a seminal letter to Nature [5], Kajiwara et al. showed that by depositing Platinum (Pt, a normal metal) on top of a 1.3 $\mu$m thick Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG, a magnetic insulator), one could effectively transfer spin angular momentum through the interface between these two different materials. The outstanding feature was the detection of auto-oscillation of the YIG when enough dc current was passed in the Pt. This finding has created a great excitement in the community for two reasons: first, one could control electronically the damping of insulators, which can offer improved properties compared to metals, and here YIG has the lowest damping known in nature; second, the damping compensation could be achieved on very large objects, a particularly relevant point for the field of magnonics [6,7] whose aim is to use spin-waves as carriers of information. However, the degree of coherence of the observed auto-oscillations has not been addressed in ref. [5]. In this work, we emphasize the key role of quasi-degenerate spin-wave modes, which increase the threshold current. This requires to reduce both the thickness and lateral size in order to reach full damping compensation [8] , and we show clear evidence of coherent spin-orbit torque induced auto-oscillation in micron-sized YIG discs of thickness 20 nm