Using conodont elements to distinguish permian-triassic boundary disconformity near haftad gholleh, central iran

The present study focuses on stratigraphy of the Permo-Triassic boundary in the Haftad Gholleh in the east Arak and north of the Mahallat, which is located in central Iran. This boundary is an erosional unconformity or disconformity and as in other Iranian sequences related to the Permian contains dolomitic limestone and shale and sandstone that is disconformably located below the Triassic sequence. A detailed measured stratigraphic section has provided conodonts for the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) sequences at the studied area. Three conodont zones have been recognized, wich place the PTB in this section by precise biostratigraphy. The of the most upper Permian sequence belongs to the Guadalupian. The Triassic sequence consists of vermiculate limestone layers with colored shale interbeds that belong to the Early triassic therefore, the unconformity at the of Permo-Triassic boundary is a hiatus of about 10 million years

A review of the Late Permian – Early Triassic conodont record and its significance for the end-Permian mass extinction

As a marine microfossil with a long-lasting fossil record stretching from the Cambrian to the Triassic, the tiny conodont plays an important role for the study of the end-Permian mass extinction. In the past few decades, numerous studies on Permian-Triassic conodonts have been published. This paper summarizes the progress made on high-resolution conodont biostratigraphy, timing of the mass extinction across the Permian-Triassic Boundary, conodont apparatus and phylogeny, conodont size variation, conodont oxygen isotope as well as other isotopes and chemical elements. Finally, future perspectives are also discussed

Investigation of the generation-dependent variation of the relationship between antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers and obesity development in high protein diet rats

Perinatal dönemde annenin beslenme yoluyla aldığı proteinler önemli bir besleyici faktör olup, yüksek protein alımı ilerleyen dönemlerde obezite ve metabolik hastalık riski ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Çalışmamızın amacı maternal yüksek protein diyetin yavru sıçanlarda obezite riski, inflamasyon ve antioksidan savunma sistemin biyobelirteçleri üzerinde etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada 32 adet Sprague–Dawley cinsi dişi sıçan kullanılmıştır. Sıçanlar rastgele kontrol ve yüksek protein alacak şekilde 2 guruba ayrılıp, gebelik ve laktasyon boyunca annelerin, doğumdan sonra 5 hafta süreyle yavruların beslenmeleri sağlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda anne ve yavru sıçanların vücut ağırlıkları, sakrifiye edildikten sonra kahverengi ve beyaz renkli yağ doku ağırlıkları kaydedilmiştir. Alınan serum örneklerinde insülin, IGF-1, lipid profili, inflamasyon biyobelirteçleri ve karaciğer dokusunda TG, TAS, TOS ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ELISA kitleri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Serum glukoz değeri ise glukometre yardımyla belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarımıza göre yüksek proteinli diyet, yağ dokusu ağırlığında artışa neden olmanın yanısıra, annelerde anlamlı bir ağırlık kaybına yol açmıştır. Ancak yavruların vücut ağırlığı üzerinde etki göstermemiştir. Anne ve yavrularda serum TG, LDL ve total kolesterol seviyesinde azalmaya, HDL düzeyinde artışa neden olmuştur. Yavrularda karaciğer TG, serum glukoz ve insülin düzeyi üzerinde ise azaltıcı bir etkisi olduğu, annelerde karaciğer TG, IGF-1 düzeyinde azaltıcı, insülin seviyesinde ise artırıcı etkisi saptanmıştır. CRP düzeyi anne ve yavrularda, TNF-α ise annelerde azalma göstermiştir. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerleri yüksek protein alan yavrularda belirgin bir azalma göstermişken annelerde artış saptanmıştır. Sonuçta maternal yüksek proteinli diyetin yeni doğanlarda obezite ve metabolik sendromla mücadelede önemli etkileri olabileceği düşünülmüştür.Maternal protein intake that the mother receives through nutrition in the perinatal period are an important nutritional factor. High protein intake has been associated with the risk of obesity and metabolic disease in the future. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of maternal high protein diet on obesity risk, inflammation and biomarkers of antioxidant defense system in offspring rats. 32 Sprague – Dawley female rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into 2 groups to receive random control and high protein, the mothers were fed during pregnancy and lactation and the pups were fed for 5 weeks after birth. In our study, body weights of mother and baby rats were recorded, and brown and white adipose tissue weights after being sacrificed. Determination of insulin, IGF-1, lipid profile, inflammation biomarkers levels in serum samples and TG, TAS, TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels in liver tissue were conducted using ELISA kits. Serum glucose value was determined with the help of glucometer. According to our study results, high protein diet caused an increase in adipose tissue weight as well as causing a significant weight loss in dams. However, it had no effect on offspring body weight. Serum TG, LDL and total cholesterol levels decreased and HDL levels increased in dams and offspring. It has been found that it has a decreasing effect on liver TG, serum glucose and insulin levels in the offspring, and a decreasing effect on the liver TG, IGF-1 level and an increasing effect on the insulin levels in dams. CRP level decreased in mothers and offspring, and TNF-α decreased only in dams. While TAS, TOS and OSI values showed a significant decrease in the offspring who received high protein, these values increased in dams. As a result, it has been thought that maternal high protein diet may have important effects on combating obesity and metabolic syndrome in newborns

Using conodont elements to distinguish Permian-Triassic boundary disconformity near Haftad Gholleh, central Iran

The present study focuses on stratigraphy of the Permo-Triassic boundary in the Haftad Gholleh in the east Arak and north of the Mahallat, which is located in central Iran. This boundary is an erosional unconformity or disconformity and as in other Iranian sequences related to the Permian contains dolomitic limestone and shale and sandstone that is disconformably located below the Triassic sequence. A detailed measured stratigraphic section has provided conodonts for the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) sequences at the studied area. Three conodont zones have been recognized, wich place the PTB in this section by precise biostratigraphy. The of the most upper Permian sequence belongs to the Guadalupian. The Triassic sequence consists of vermiculate limestone layers with colored shale interbeds that belong to the Early triassic therefore, the unconformity at the of Permo-Triassic boundary is a hiatus of about 10 million years

Uncertainty analysis of the stability parameters of rock walls

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of natural uncertainties and effective parameters on the stability of plate-type rock walls. For this, the effective factors and geo-mechanical properties in the study area were obtained using field experiments. Stability analysis of rock walls was investigated for 40 scenarios in dry and saturated states. These parameters were then evaluated using Easyfit software and Markov chain analysis and Monte Carlo simulation by Rock Plane software. Comparison of the results of numerical and uncertainty methods shows that the rock walls with 60-80 degree slope are stable; and In saturated state they require stability due to the reduction of shear strength. Fixation of the rock walls was also investigated, indicating an optimum angle of 30° for the installation of the rock screw. The results show that the Monte Carlo simulation provides a simpler interpretation and the uncertainty methods are more accurate and reliable than the numerical methods

Late Permian brachiopoda fauna in north-western Iran

Late Permian marine sequence of in the North west of  Iran in eastern Azarbaijan province in the Zal stratigraphic section has been selected To study brachiopods.Samples have been collected from Alibashi and Jolfa Formation. 27 species of 13 geniuses of brachiopods have been recognized in this study.The comparison of recognized fossil community to brachiopod communities in some regions of Iran and Tethys realm suggests late Dzhulfian as the age of understudy deposits. Recognized prachiopodas belong to Athyride, Rhinconellidae, Productidae and Strophominidae categorie

Diyet, uyku ve depresyon: Akdeniz diyetine uyum önemli mi?

Objective: The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between Mediterranean diet pattern, depression, and sleep quality. Materials and Methods: Mediterranean diet adherence score, Beck depression inventory, and Pittsburgh sleep quality index have been applied to volunteering participants (n=250) to examine their adherence to the Mediterranean diet, sleep quality, depression status, and the correlations between these variables have been analysed. Results: Those following the Mediterranean diet pattern at a high level were found to have significantly higher sleep quality and less depression symptoms than those following this diet pattern at poor and moderate level (p<0.001). The Mediterranean diet pattern was found to be positively correlated with sleep quality and negatively correlated with BMI and depression symptoms (1 . .4).349, p<0.01, r=-0.135, p<0.05, r=-0.294, p<0.01). Low levels of depression were found to be associated with more daily consumption of vegetables, fruits, olive oil, less consumption of red meat, sugary/carbonated beverages, and sweet/pastry products, and consumption of sauce types with olive oil/tomato/garlic and olive oil being the most frequently consumed oil types (r=-0.140, r=-0.156, r=-0.169, r=-0.236, 1=-0.160, r=-0.160, r=-130, r=-0.184, p<0.05). Daily consumption of vegetables, fruits, olive oil, reduced consumption of red meat and sweet/bakery products, weekly consumption of hazelnuts/ pistachios/almonds/walnuts, and olive oil being the most frequently consumed type of oil are associated with good sleep quality (r=-0.202, r=-0.173, r=-0.244, r=-0.149, r=-0.191, r=-0.171, r=-0.225, p<0.05). Conclusion: Mediterranean diet pattern can be integrated into strategies of sleep quality and mental health improvement, as it has been associated with good sleep quality and lower depression levels.Amaç: Bu çalışmada Akdeniz diyeti paterni, depresyon durumu ve uyku kalitesi arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Rastgele örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş gönüllülere (n=250) Akdeniz diyeti bağlılık ölçeği, Beck depresyon envanteri ve Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksi uygulanarak Akdeniz diyeti paternini sergileme durumu, uyku kalitesi ve depresyon durumu saptanmış ve aralarındaki korelasyon değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Akdeniz diyeti paternini iyi düzeyde sergileyenlerin kötü ve orta düzeyde sergileyenlere göre uyku kalitesi anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek ve depresyon belirtileri daha az bulundu (p<0,001). Akdeniz diyeti paterni uyku kalitesi ile pozitif, beden kitle indeksi ve depresyon durumu ile negatif yönde anlamlı derecede ilişkili idi (r=-0,349, p<0,01, r=-0,135, p<0,05, r=-0,294, p<0,01). Günlük sebze, meyve, zeytinyağı tüketimi, azaltılmış kırmızı et, şekerli/gazlı içecekler tüketimi ve tatlı/ pastane ürünler tüketimi, zeytinyağlı/domatesli/sarımsaklı sos tüketimi ve en çok kullanılan yağ türünün zeytinyağı olması ile düşük depresyon seviyeleri ilişkili bulundu (r=-0,140, r=-0,156, r=-0,169, r=-0,236, r=- 0,160, r=-0,160, r=-130, r=-0,184, p<0,05). Günlük sebze, meyve, zeytinyağı tüketimi, azaltılmış kırmızı et ve tatlı/pastane ürünler tüketimi, haftalık fındık/fıstık/badem/ceviz tüketimi ve en çok kullanılan yağ türünün zeytinyağı olması iyi uyku kalitesi ile ilişkili idi (r=-0,202, r=- 0,173, r=-0,244, r=-0,149, r=-0,191, r=-0,171, r=-0,225, p<0,05). Sonuç: Akdeniz diyeti paterni, iyi uyku kalitesi ve daha düşük depresyon durumu ile ilişkili bulunduğundan, uyku kalitesi ve mental sağlığı geliştirmeye yönelik stratejilere entegre edilebilir

The RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis reveals genes mediating salt tolerance through rapid triggering of ion transporters in a mutant barley.

Considering the complex nature of salinity tolerance mechanisms, the use of isogenic lines or mutants possessing the same genetic background albeit different tolerance to salinity is a suitable method for reduction of analytical complexity to study these mechanisms. In the present study, whole transcriptome analysis was evaluated using RNA-seq method between a salt-tolerant mutant line "M4-73-30" and its wild-type "Zarjou" cultivar at seedling stage after six hours of exposure to salt stress (300 mM NaCl). Transcriptome sequencing yielded 20 million reads for each genotype. A total number of 7116 transcripts with differential expression were identified, 1586 and 1479 of which were obtained with significantly increased expression in the mutant and the wild-type, respectively. In addition, the families of WRKY, ERF, AP2/EREBP, NAC, CTR/DRE, AP2/ERF, MAD, MIKC, HSF, and bZIP were identified as the important transcription factors with specific expression in the mutant genotype. The RNA-seq results were confirmed at several time points using qRT-PCR for some important salt-responsive genes. In general, the results revealed that the mutant accumulated higher levels of sodium ion in the root and decreased its transfer to the shoot. Also, the mutant increased the amount of potassium ion leading to the maintenance a high ratio [K+]/[Na+] in the shoot compared to its wild-type via fast stomata closure and consequently transpiration reduction under the salt stress. Moreover, a reduction in photosynthesis and respiration was observed in the mutant, resulting in utilization of the stored energy and the carbon for maintaining the plant tissues, which is considered as a mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. Up-regulation of catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase genes has resulted in higher accumulation of H2O2 in the wild-type compared to the mutant. Therefore, the wild-type initiated rapid ROS signals which led to less oxidative scavenging in comparison with the mutant. The mutant increased expression in the ion transporters and the channels related to the salinity to maintain the ion homeostasis. In overall, the results demonstrated that the mutant responded better to the salt stress under both osmotic and ionic stress phases and lower damage was observed in the mutant compared to its wild-type under the salt stress