Was everything much better before? A comparison of children’s gross motor skills in 1995, 2004 and 2018

Sammendrag Bakgrunn: Denne studien var en videreføring av tidligere forskning som ble utført i 1995 og 2004 for å kartlegge forskjeller i grovmotorikk i sju- og åtteåringer. Det hevdes at velutviklede grovmotoriske ferdigheter bidrar på en positiv måte til aktiviteter gjennom livet og fører til vekst av mer kompliserte motoriske og sportsspesifikke ferdigheter. Hensikt: Målet med denne forskningen var å finne ut om det har vært en nedgang i grovmotorikk blant sju- og åtteåringer de siste tiårene i Nøtterøy og kartlegge forskjellene. Metode: Det var 45 deltagere i alderen syv og åtte år. I denne studien var 24 av deltagerne jenter og 21 var gutter. Deres motoriske kompetanse ble målt med Körperkoordiationstest für Kinder og analysert før sammenligning med data fra 1995 og 2004. Resultater: Resultatene fra testene i 2018 ble sammenlignet med resultatene fra 1995 og 2004. Det ble sett en signifikant nedgang i den totale motoriske kvotienten til deltagergruppen. Det var en nedgang på 14.3 poeng fra 1995 til 2018 og en nedgang på 16,4 poeng fra 2004 til 2018. Begge kjønnene scoret signifikant lavere i 2018 sammenlignet med 1995 og 2004. Jentene skåret litt bedre enn guttene med .9 poeng høyere i total motorisk kvotienten i 2018. Konklusjon: Det finnes en nedgang i grovmotorikken blant sju- og åtteåringer i Nøtterøy i 2018 sammenlignet med 1995 og 2004. Fremtidig forskning bør se mer på hvilke faktorer som påvirker motorisk kompetanse mest, og se videre på sammenhengen mellom disse og motorisk utvikling og fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Nøkkelord: Fysisk aktivitet, Körperkoordiationstest für Kinder, motoriske ferdigheter, motorisk kompetanse, motorisk utvikling. Abstract Background: This study was a continuation of previous research that was carried out in 1995 and 2004 to map differences in gross motor skills in seven- and eight-year-olds. It is claimed that well-developed gross motor skills contribute in a positive way to activities throughout life and lead to the growth of more complicated motor and sport-specific skills. Purpose: The aim of this research was to find out whether there has been a decline in gross motor skills among seven- and eight-year-olds in recent decades in Nøtterøy and to map the differences. Method: There were 45 participants aged seven and eight. In this study, 24 of the participants were girls, and 21 were boys. Their motor competence was measured by the Körperkoordiationstest für Kinder and analyzed before comparison with data from 1995 and 2004. Results: The results from the tests in 2018 were compared with the results from 1995 and 2004. A significant decrease was seen in the total motor quotient of the participant group. There was a decrease of 14.3 points from 1995 to 2018 and a decrease of 16,4 points from 2004 to 2018. Both genders scored significantly lower in 2018 compared to 1995 and 2004. Girls scored slightly better than the boys by .9 points higher in total motor quotient in 2018. Conclusion: There is a decline in gross motor skills among seven- and eight-year old’s in Nøtterøy in 2018 compared to 1995 and 2004. Future research should look more into which factors influence motor competence the most and look further into the connection between factors and motor development and physical activity levels. Key words: Körperkoordiationstest für Kinder, motor competence, motor development, motor skills, physical activity

HERMITE-HADAMARD TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR CONFORMABLE INTEGRALS VIA η-CONVEX FUNCTIONS

Many recent results have been. This inequality has many applications in the area of pure and applied mathematics. In this paper, our main aim is to give results for conformable integral version of Hermite-Hadamard inequality for η-convex functions. First, we prove an identity associated with the Hermite-Hadamard inequality for conformable integrals using η-convex functions. By using this identity and η-convexity of function and some well-known inequalities, we obtain several results for the inequality

Impacts of Labour Force of Afghan Women Based on Education in Economics Growth: In Case of Afghanistan

The essence of this research is to reveal that the impacts of the labor force (unemployment and employment) on Afghan women (females) based on educated people have no positive and direct correlation with increasing economic growth in the estimated period of 2020–2022, but women have a U shape or envelope that contributes to developing economic growth in the long run. Though the study tested the labor force total number of females per cent, the labor force females of Afghanistan have no impact on increasing the total real GDP market price of Afghanistan in 2020-2021-2022 due to the p value being greater than 0.05 or 0.989>0.05; hence, H0 is accepted. As a result, there is not a significant labor force number and labor force females in Afghanistan, as it does not have a crucial impact on economic growth. Economic growth has increased in other sectors such as TOT, exports and imports, etc. Moreover, the intermediate education population per cent of Afghanistan impacts the labor force of male and female members under the working population in Afghanistan in 2020–2021, and the p value is greater than 0.05. It makes sense (0.832>0.05); hence, the null hypothesis is accepted; intermediate and advanced educated people have no impact on under-working-age people in Afghanistan in 2020–2021, but nevertheless, it hasn’t increased the economic growth of Afghanistan in 2020–2021. Otherwise, intermediate- and advanced-educated women percent have no impact on the under-working-age population and do not have a positive impact on economic growth due to the fact that the p value is greater than 0.05. It makes sense (0.832>0.05), hence the null hypothesis is accepted. As a result, the intermediate education population per cent of Afghanistan has no impact on the labor force of males and females under the working population in Afghanistan in 2020–2021. Finally, the study discovered that total real GDP market price and female employees have a moderate correlation in 2019–2020

Entrepreneur as an authentic leader: A study of small and medium sized enterprises in Pakistan

The aim of this paper is to explore the authentic leadership styles of an entrepreneurs and its impact on employee’s commitment and satisfaction. By using the authentic leadership model, this study seeks to give a tentative test of the connection among employees’ awareness of the business creator as an authentic leader and the employees’ attitudes. Findings are that the opinion of employees’ about authentic leadership serves as the intoxicating analyst of employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment

Optimization of Polyacrylic Acid Coating on Graphene Oxide-Functionalized Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Using UV Radiation through Response Surface Methodology

Reverse osmosis (RO) is affected by multiple types of fouling such as biofouling, scaling, and organic fouling. Therefore, a multi-functional membrane capable of reducing more than one type of fouling is a need of the hour. The polyacrylic acid and graphene oxide (PAA-GO) nanocomposite functionalization of the RO membrane has shown its effectiveness against both mineral scaling and biofouling. In this research, the polyacrylic acid concentration and irradiation times were optimized for the PAA-GO-coated RO membrane using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. The effect of these parameters on pure water permeability and salt rejection was investigated. The models were developed through the design of the experiment (DoE), which were further validated through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions were found to be: 11.41 mg·L−1 (acrylic acid concentration) and 28.08 min (UV activation times) with the predicted results of 2.12 LMH·bar−1 and 98.5% NaCl rejection. The optimized membrane was prepared as per the model conditions, which showed an increase in both pure water permeability and salt rejection as compared to the control. The improvement in membrane surface smoothness and hydrophilicity for the optimized membrane also helped to inhibit mineral scaling by 98%.This publication was made possible by NPRP13S-0207-200289 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation). The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the author[s].Scopu

Antiulcerogenic Activity of Vitamin E on Gastric Ulcers produced by Indomethacin

Objective: To study the morphological and histological effects of vitamin E on gastric lesions produced by indomethacin.Materials and Methods: This was an animal interventional study, 48 adult healthy albino mice were selected and were split into four groups A, B, C and D. Number of animals in each group was 12. Group A was categorized as control. Evion 400mg/kg was administered to Group B. Indocid 25mg/kg was given to group C. Indocid and Evion both (25mg/kg &400 mg/kg respectively) were administered to Group D. In all group, six animals were selected and treated for three days and rest for eight days with calculated doses of drugs. Mice were sacrificed and dissection was done 24 hours after the last dose. The stomach was identified, washed, and observed under dissecting microscope to study the number and shape of ulcers. The dimension of ulcers was measured under a compound microscope.Results: No ulcers were seen in groups A and B. 35 and 10 ulcers were observed in groups C and D respectively. The mean number of ulcers in groups C and D was statistically significant (p-value=0.000). In comparison to group D, Pindot, linear, Irregular, and punched-out ulcers were more prevalent in group C and were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The mean linear dimension of ulcers in group C was much greater than in group D. The mean dimension of ulcers in group C1 and C2 was 262.50µm and 232.5µm respectively. Whereas in group D1 and D2 given both Indocid and vitamin E the dimensions were 56.5µm and 50µm.Conclusion: Vitamin E has an anti-ulcerogenic effect on stomach mucosa by reducing the number and dimension of ulcers

Malignant Epiretinal Membrane After Proton Beam Radiation of Ciliary Body Melanoma

Purpose: To report the development of malignant epiretinal membrane after radiation of ciliary body melanoma.Case report: A 65-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of a ciliary body tumor in her right eye. On examination, a pigmented ciliary body tumor, displacing the iris anteriorly, was visible superotemporally and ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed a large solid ciliary body tumor. She was diagnosed with ciliary body melanoma and treated with proton beam radiation. Over the following 29 months, the treated tumor regressed but optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed the development of a dense epiretinal membrane. Enucleation was performed and histopathological examination showed viable melanoma cells in the vitreous cavity with sheet-like growth of viable spindle melanoma cells on the epiretinal surface. Conclusion: The development of a pigmented epiretinal membrane in eyes with uveal melanoma should raise the possibility of a malignant epiretinal membrane

Proliposome powder or tablets for generating inhalable liposomes using a medical nebulizer

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop and compare proliposome powder and proliposome tablet formulations for drug delivery from a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer. Methods: Proliposome powders were prepared by the slurry method and sorbitol or mannitol carbohydrate carrier were used in a 1:10 and 1:15 w/w lipid phase to carrier ratio. Beclometasone dipropionate (BDP; 2 mol%) was incorporated in the lipid phase. Proliposome powders were compressed into tablets, and liposomes were generated from proliposome powders or tablets within the nebulizer reservoir for subsequent aerosolization. Results: Comparatively, shorter sputtering times were reported for the tablet formulations (≈ < 2.7±0.45 min), indicating uniform aerosolization. Post-nebulization, liposomes size was larger in the nebulizer reservoir in the range of 7.79±0.48 µm–9.73±1.53 µm for both powder and tablet formulations as compared to freshly prepared liposomes (5.38±0.73 µm–5.85±0.86 µm), suggesting liposome aggregation/fusion in the nebulizer’s reservoir. All formulations exhibited more than 80% mass output regardless of formulation type, but greater BDP proportions (circa 50%) were delivered to the Two-stage Impinger when tablet formulations were used. Moreover, the nebulized droplet median size and size distribution were lower for all tablet formulations in comparison to the powder formulations. Proliposome tablet and powdered formulations demonstrated the ability to generate vesicles that sustained the release of BDP. Conclusion: Overall, this study showed that proliposome tablets could be disintegrated within a Pari-LC Sprint nebulizer to generate inhalable aerosol, with high drug output and hence can be manufactured on large scale to overcome the storage problems associated with powder formulations