Los procesos de integración de personas inmigrantes : límites y nuevas aportaciones para un estudio más integral

Los procesos de integración de personas inmigrantes es una cuestión de compleja conceptualización y de amplia discusión tanto en el ámbito de la política pública como desde la academia. El pretendido consenso europeo sobre la integración se ha quedado únicamente en el cómodo discurso de la bidireccionalidad y el estudio de los procesos de integración en las sociedades de acogida se ha planteado siempre desde parámetros cuantificadores y objetivistas que no son capaces de aprehender la diversidad de los mismos. Además el estudio de la integración ha pasado por alto la importancia que tiene la sociedad de origen y el vínculo que las perso - nas inmigrantes conservan con éstas, centrándose únicamente en la sociedad receptora como lugar de integración. En este trabajo propongo la ampliación de la mirada sobre la integración incorporando la perspectiva de origen y la subjetividad de la persona inmigrante como actor con capacidad de cuestionar, decidir y transformar las pautas y contextos en los que se produce la integración.The integration process of immigrants is a complex issue of conceptualization and extensive discussion both in the field of public policy and from the academia. The alleged European consensus about integration has only been in the comfortable speech of bidirectionality and the study of the integration process in host societies has been raised ever from quantifier and objectivist parameters that are not able to grasp the diversity of thereof. Furthermore, the study of integration has overlooked the importance of the society of origin and the link that immigrants remain with them, focusing only on the host society as a place of integration. In this paper I propose the extension of the look on the integration by incorporating the perspective of origin and the subjectivity of the immigrants as an actor with the capacity to question, decide and change the patterns and contexts in which integration occurs

La migración transnacional y los procesos de integración en las sociedades de destino. Una mirada a la población colombiana residente en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco

411 p.Esta tesis pretende acercarse a la vinculación de las personas migrantes con su sociedad de origen y a sus procesos de integración en la sociedad de destino desde un enfoque integral que recoja, junto a las prácticas objetivas en una y otra sociedad, la subjetividad del migrante como sujeto activo de estos procesos. En este sentido, se debe reconocer la importancia que el bienestar tiene en la configuración de diferentes estrategias de vida. Para ello, se ha tenido como primer y más general objetivo de investigación conocer y describir la vinculación transnacional y su relación con los procesos de integración social de la población colombiana en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV). Se ha tomado como población de referencia a las personas colombianas residentes en la CAPV por entender la necesidad de acotar los objetivos a una población que, aunque no es considerada homogénea, sí entendemos que se encuentra situada en un mismo marco socio-histórico, tanto en el origen como en destino. Sin embargo, esta investigación no constituye tanto un estudio de caso sobre la población colombiana en la CAPV, sino que tomando como referencia esta población, y comprendiendo la limitación de generalización que ello conlleva, pretende estudiar la transnacionalidad, la integración y su interrelación mutua, desde una forma específica de entender y medir ambos procesos. La pregunta de investigación que se encuentra en la base de esta tesis, y cuyo desarrollo teórico y metodológico ha pretendido resolver, es en qué medida la vinculación transnacional y la integración son procesos que se influencian mutuamente. Si bien la dirección de la relación entre ambos, e incluso la existencia de causalidad directa, son preguntas de difícil respuesta, el trabajo ha considerado fundamental analizar la relación entre determinadas características sociodemográficas y de integración, con las prácticas de vinculación transnacional. Para ello, esta tesis se planteó como objetivo teórico-metodológico el desarrollo de un sistema de indicadores de transnacionalismo e integración que avanzaran en el conocimiento en esta área de estudio y que, tomando la experiencia y las propuestas de la literatura internacional al respecto, incorporase elementos innovadores y congruentes con la propuesta teórica.Departamento de Educación, Universidades e Investigación del Gobierno Vasco, a través de una beca FPI 2010-201

La migración transnacional y los procesos de integración en las sociedades de destino. Una mirada a la población colombiana residente en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco

411 p.Esta tesis pretende acercarse a la vinculación de las personas migrantes con su sociedad de origen y a sus procesos de integración en la sociedad de destino desde un enfoque integral que recoja, junto a las prácticas objetivas en una y otra sociedad, la subjetividad del migrante como sujeto activo de estos procesos. En este sentido, se debe reconocer la importancia que el bienestar tiene en la configuración de diferentes estrategias de vida. Para ello, se ha tenido como primer y más general objetivo de investigación conocer y describir la vinculación transnacional y su relación con los procesos de integración social de la población colombiana en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV). Se ha tomado como población de referencia a las personas colombianas residentes en la CAPV por entender la necesidad de acotar los objetivos a una población que, aunque no es considerada homogénea, sí entendemos que se encuentra situada en un mismo marco socio-histórico, tanto en el origen como en destino. Sin embargo, esta investigación no constituye tanto un estudio de caso sobre la población colombiana en la CAPV, sino que tomando como referencia esta población, y comprendiendo la limitación de generalización que ello conlleva, pretende estudiar la transnacionalidad, la integración y su interrelación mutua, desde una forma específica de entender y medir ambos procesos. La pregunta de investigación que se encuentra en la base de esta tesis, y cuyo desarrollo teórico y metodológico ha pretendido resolver, es en qué medida la vinculación transnacional y la integración son procesos que se influencian mutuamente. Si bien la dirección de la relación entre ambos, e incluso la existencia de causalidad directa, son preguntas de difícil respuesta, el trabajo ha considerado fundamental analizar la relación entre determinadas características sociodemográficas y de integración, con las prácticas de vinculación transnacional. Para ello, esta tesis se planteó como objetivo teórico-metodológico el desarrollo de un sistema de indicadores de transnacionalismo e integración que avanzaran en el conocimiento en esta área de estudio y que, tomando la experiencia y las propuestas de la literatura internacional al respecto, incorporase elementos innovadores y congruentes con la propuesta teórica.Departamento de Educación, Universidades e Investigación del Gobierno Vasco, a través de una beca FPI 2010-201

Migração Transnacional Colombiana e estratégias políticas online. Reprodução comunidade a través da vinculação transnacional

Objective: this research paper aims at analyzing the Colombian migration policy in relation to theories of transnational agreements developed in the field of sociology of migrations. This is based on the idea that new technologies provide an infrastructure on which the countries of origin create channels of outreach and dissemination of po­licy and government institutions to the destination places, especially, to each emigrant.Methodology: it applies a quantitative analysis of the number, type and composition of networks and users involved in the web platform RedEsColombia and discursive qualitative analysis of audiovisual information collected from this web.Results: redEsColombia has been successful thanks to the number of registered users, whereas the impact of the relationship created by the Portal is more questionable. Likewise, the discursive axes around the Colombian policy on migration are clear, being its ultimate objective to have the emigrants contribute to the national developmentConclusions: the use of ICTs by the Colombian government seeks the dissemination and outreach of national outreach programs oriented to emigrants by creating a sense of belonging and community. Objetivo: analizar la política migratoria colombiana en relación con las teorías de vinculación transnacional que se desarrollan en el ámbito de la sociología de las migraciones, partiendo de la idea de que las nuevas tecnologías proporcionan una infraestructura sobre las que los países de origen crean cauces de extensión y difusión de la política y la nación hacia los lugares de destino y, especialmente, en cada uno de sus emigrados.Metodología: se hace un análisis cuantitativo del número, tipo y composición de las redes y los usuarios que participanen la Plataforma web RedEsColombia, y un análisis cualitativo-discursivo de la información audiovisual que se puede recoger de la propia web.Resultados: RedEsColombia ha supuesto un éxito por el número de usuarios registrados, mientras resulta más cuestionable la incidenciade la vinculación que genera el Portal. Así mismo, quedan claros los ejes discursivos en torno a los que gira la política colombiana en materia de migraciones, teniendo como objetivo último la vinculación de los emigrados para su contribución al desarrollo del país.Conclusiones: la utilización de las TIC en el Estado colombiano pretende la difusión y la extensión de los programasde vinculación nacional de los emigrados, mediante la creación de un sentimiento depertenencia y comunidad.Objetivo: analisar a política migratória em relação com as teorias de vinculação transnacional que se desenvolvem no âmbito da sociologia das migrações, partindo da idéia de que as novas tecnologias proporcionam uma infra-estrutura sobre as que os países de origem criam fontes de extensão e difusão da política e a nação para os lugares de destino e, especialmente, em cada um de seus emigrados.Metodologia: faz se um analise quantitativo do numero, tipo e composição das redes e aos usuários que participam na Plataforma web Redcolombiana e um analise qualitativo-discursivo da informação audiovisual que se recolhe da própria web.Resultados: RedEscolom­bia tem posto um sucesso pelo numero de usuários registrados, enquanto resulta mais questionável a incidência da vinculação que gera o Portal. Assim mesmo, ficam claros os eixos discursivos em torno aos que a política colombiana em matéria de migrações, tendo como objetivo ultima dos emigrados para sua contribuição ao desenvolvimento do país.Conclusões: a utilização das TIC no Estado colombiano pretende a difusão e a extensão dos programas de vinculação nacional dos emigrados, mediante a criação de um sentimento de pertencia e comunidade

Metodología cualitativa para enfocar la mirada cuantitativa: la experiencia de los pretest cognitivos aplicados a la Encuesta de Salud del País Vasco

In survey research, response errors are very relevant, although strategies to minimize them are rarely used. The article shows the experience with one of these strategies, cognitive pretests, in the Health Survey of the Basque Country. Potential response errors were identified through cognitive interviews to people of different sociodemographic and health profiles. Response errors were classified according to the components of the question-and-answer process and used to make proposals for improving the questionnaire. A total of 83 response errors were collected, specially related to errors of comprehension (40) and response (20). The article describes a process and gives visibility to a methodology not much known in our context, which in this case contributed to the identification of possible biases and errors in the design of questionnaires, and to the reflection on the complementarity of quantitative and qualitative methods for a better understanding of social reality. En las investigaciones por encuesta, los errores de respuesta tienen una gran importancia, aunque las estrategias para su reducción son aún escasamente utilizadas. El artículo muestra la experiencia con una de estas estrategias, los pretest cognitivos, de la Encuesta de Salud del País Vasco (ESCAV). A través de entrevistas cognitivas a personas de diferentes perfiles sociodemográficos y de salud se identificaron potenciales errores de respuesta que fueron posteriormente clasificados siguiendo las fases del proceso cognitivo de pregunta-respuesta, y que sirvió para realizar propuestas de mejoras en el cuestionario. Se recogieron 83 errores de respuesta, especialmente relativos a errores de interpretación y comprensión (40) y de comunicación de respuesta (20). El artículo describe un proceso y aporta visibilidad a una metodología poco conocida en nuestro contexto, que este caso contribuyó a la identificación de posibles sesgos y errores en el diseño de los cuestionarios, y a la reflexión sobre la complementariedad de los métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para una mejor aprehensión de la realidad social.In survey research, response errors are very relevant, although strategies to minimize them are rarely used. The article shows the experience with one of these strategies, cognitive pretests, in the Health Survey of the Basque Country. Potential response errors were identified through cognitive interviews to people of different sociodemographic and health profiles. Response errors were classified according to the components of the question-and-answer process and used to make proposals for improving the questionnaire. A total of 83 response errors were collected, specially related to errors of comprehension (40) and response (20). The article describes a process and gives visibility to a methodology not much known in our context, which in this case contributed to the identification of possible biases and errors in the design of questionnaires, and to the reflection on the complementarity of quantitative and qualitative methods for a better understanding of social reality

Social Inequalities in Health Determinants in Spanish Children during the COVID-19 Lockdown

The COVID-19 lockdown was imposed in a context of notable inequalities in the distribution of the social determinants of health. It is possible that the housing conditions in which children and their families experienced the confinement, and the adoption of healthy behaviors, may have followed unequal patterns. The aim was to describe social inequalities in housing conditions and in health-related behaviors among children during the lockdown in Spain. This cross-sectional study was based on data from an online survey collecting information on the child population (3–12 years) living in Spain (n = 10,765). The outcome variables used were several housing conditions and health-related behaviors. The socioeconomic variables used were financial difficulties and parents’ educational level. Crude prevalence and prevalence ratios estimated using Poisson models were calculated. During lockdown, children from families with low educational levels and financial difficulties not only tended to live in poor housing conditions, but were also exposed to negative health determinants such as noise and tobacco smoke; they took less physical exercise, had a poorer diet, spent more time in front of screens and had less social contact. A notable social gradient was found in most of the variables analyzed. The results point to the need to incorporate the perspective of equity in the adoption of policies in order to avoid the increase of pre-existing social inequalities in the context of a pandemic

The role of birthplace and educational attainment on induced abortion inequalities

Background: Induced abortion (IA) has shown social inequality related to birthplace and education with higher rates of IAs in immigrant and in less educated women relative to their native and highly educated counterparts. This study examined the independent and joint effects of birthplace and education on IA, repeated and IA performed during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy among women residing in the Basque Country, Spain. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study of IA among women aged 25-49 years residing in the Basque Country, Spain, between 2011 and 2013. Log-binomial regression was used to quantify the independent and joint effects of birthplace and education attainment on all outcomes. Results: Immigrant women exhibited higher probability of having an IAs (PR: 5.31), a repeated (PR: 7.23) or a 2nd trimester IAs (PR: 4.07) than women born in Spain. We observed higher probabilities for all outcomes among women with a primary or less education relative to those with a graduate education (All IAs PR: 2.51; repeated PR: 6.00; 2nd trimester PR: 3.08). However, no significant heterogeneity was observed for the effect of education on the association of birthplace with IAs, repeated or 2nd trimester IAs. Conclusions: Birthplace and education are key factors to explain not only an IA decision but also having a repeated or a 2nd trimester IA. However, the effects of birthplace and education may be independent from each other on these outcomes. A better understanding of these factors on IAs is needed when designing programs for sexual and reproductive health aimed to reduce inequalities among women.This work was supported by the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU [project EHU14/55] and Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain [project CSO22013-44886-R]

Perceived discrimination and self-rated health in the immigrant population of the Basque Country, Spain

Objective: To examine the effect of perceived discrimination and self-rated health among the immigrant population in the Basque Country, Spain, and determine whether this effect varies according to region of origin, age, sex and education. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The study population included immigrants aged 18 and older residing in the Basque Country. Data from the 2014 Foreign Immigrant Population Survey (n =3,456) were used. Log-binomial regression was used to quantify the association between perceived discrimination and self-rated health before and after checking for the selected characteristics. Results: Almost 1 in 10 immigrant adults reports perceiving discrimination. In adjusted analyses, the immigrants perceiving discrimination were almost were 1.92 more likely to rate their health as poor (prevalence ratio: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.44-2.56) than those who did not report discrimination. This association did not vary according to region of origin, age, sex or educational level. Conclusions: Perceived discrimination shows a consistent relationship with perceived health. Moreover, this association did not depend on the region of origin, age, sex or educational level of immigrants. These results show the need for implementing inclusive policies to eliminate individual and institutional discrimination and reduce health inequalities between the immigrant and native populations.This study was supported by the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (project EHU14/55]

¿Cómo medir el estatus migratorio de la población infantil y juvenil? Estudios sobre salud y desigualdades en salud en Europa

OBJECTIVE: To analyse how the migration status of the child and young population is measured in the scientific literature on health and social inequalities in health in Europe. METHOD: A systematic search of the literature published in Spanish, English and French between 2007 and 2017 in PubMed and Social Sciences Citation Index was carried out. The included studies analysed health and social inequalities in health of a population under 18 years old according to its migration origin in Europe. The variables used to measure the migration status were described. RESULTS: 50 articles were included. Twenty studies analysed perinatal health, eleven mental health, nine dental health, and ten studies other variables. The main variables to define migration status were the country of birth (32 studies), either of the child, the mother, or one of the parents, and sometimes in a complementary way. Less frequent was the use of nationality (15 studies), of the child, or of the parents, especially the mother. Migration status is referred to in very different ways, not always comparable and sometimes the variable used is not clearly explained. CONCLUSIONS: There is a great diversity of ways to measure migration status in the child and young population. A better definition and consensus is needed to improve the temporal and geographical comparability of knowledge in this area, which will help to design public policies aimed at reducing social inequalities in health from childhood

Trends and determinants of social inequities in cardiovascular risk factors in Spain: a mixed-methods study

This sequential mixed-methods study aims to: 1) assess spatial and temporal trends in cardiovascular risk factors by socioeconomic position from 2001 to 2020 in Spain; 2) explore public health professionals’ perspectives regarding interventions that might have impacted these inequities; and 3) analyze determinants on social inequities in cardiovascular risk factors. First, we will measure the change in absolute and relative social inequities in eight cardiovascular risk factors through time trend analysis using repeated cross-sectional data from both National and European Health Surveys for Spain from 2001 to 2020. Second, we will interview key informants —both at the regional and national level—, to contextualize data obtained in phase 1 and capture the content and variation of policies across regions. Third, we will use econometric methods to analyze how these identified interventions have impacted these social inequities within and across regions.This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the project “PI21/01868” and co-funded by the European Union. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, nor preparation of the manuscript. L. Cereijo was supported by a predoctoral fellowship (PFIS) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (Exp. FI19/00343)