EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013 MELALUI DISCREPANCY MODEL PADA SEKOLAH DASAR DI KOTA TANGERANG (Penelitian Evaluasi Program/kebijakan tentang Kurikulum 2013 dengan Discrepancy Model)

Evaluasi Implementasi Kurikulum13 Berdasarkan Discrepancy Model di Sekolah Dasar DI Kota Tangerang. Abstrack Yeni Nuraeni, S3 Pendidikan Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kesenjangan Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 antara program yang sudah ditetapkan dengan kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan pada Sekolah Dasar di Kota Tangerang. Standar evaluasi yang digunakan adalah standar isi (Permendikbud Nomor 21 Tahun 2016), standar proses isi (Permendikbud Nomor 22 Tahun 2016) dan standar penilaian isi (Permendikbud Nomor 23 Tahun 2016). Subjek penelitian ditetapkan tiga sekolah rintisan yang sudah menggunakan Kurikulum 2013 yang berada di wilayah Kota Tangerang Provinsi Banten. Ujung tombak dari implementasi kurikulum 2013 ini adalah proses pembelajaran di sekiolah, maka kemampuan guru dalam merencanakan, melaksanakan proses pembelajaran serta melakukan penilaian termasuk komponen yang dievaluasi oleh peneliti. Hasil evaluasi pada standar isi ditemukan kesenjangan tentang perencanaan, perumusan KD dan Indikator, lingkup materi serta karakteristik keilmuan mencapai 29%. Sedangkan hasil evaluasi pada standar proses ditemukan kesenjangan sebesar 30% pada pelaksanaan pembelajaran berbasis saisntifik, pembelajaran tematik terpadu, pembelajaran yang berpusat pada siswa serta pemahaman guru serta pemnggunaan aneka sumber belajar. Pada standar penilaian ditemukan kesenjanagn sebesar 28% pada penilaian autentik yang belum difahami guru secara optimal penilaian otentik, penilaian diri, penilaian portofolio serta penggunaan penilaian dalam bentuk jurnal. Temuan kesenjangan pada penilaian autentik adalah keseimbangan antara penilaian kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor tetap lebih cenderung pada sisi kognitif. Kata Kunci : Implementasi, Kurikulum Nasional, Discrepancy i ABSTRACT YENI NURAENI: Evaluation of Curriculum 2013 Implementation Based on the discrepancy model at the Tangerang City Elementary School. Disertation. Jakarta: Post Graduate Elementary Education, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2020. The purpose of this study to describe the gap in Implementation of Curriculum 2013 in primary school in Tangerang City. The subject of research is determined by three pilot schools that have been using the Curriculum 2013 located in the Tangerang City of Banten Province. The Curriculum 2013 Implementation are evaluated by the Content Standards at the definition stage of all content and scope of materials at Competency, (Permendikbud RI No.21 20160. in the content, standards found the gap 29% on planning to learn, basic competence to indictors in thematiclearning, and gap in subject matter characteristic. In the implementation of the process standars (Permendikbud RI, No. 23, 2016), found the gap 30% on scientific approach, using learning media, learning source, teachers centre learning, and thematic learning. .In the implementation of educational assessment standards at the definition stage all components have been implemented, but at the installation stage and stage of the process found gaps in the assessment of authentic 20%, self-assessment, portfolio assessment and the use of valuation in the form of rubric. Most teachers already know about authentic assessment, but it is not easy in the process of authentic assessment. The gap finding on authentic assessment is that the balance between cognitive, affective and psychomotor assessments remains more prone to the cognitive side. Keywords: Implementation, The National Curriculum , Discrepancy mode

Subregional DXA-derived vertebral bone mineral measures are stronger predictors of failure load in specimens with lower areal bone mineral density, compared to those with higher areal bone mineral density

Measurement of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in intravertebral subregions may increase the diagnostic sensitivity of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived parameters for vertebral fragility. This study investigated whether DXA-derived bone parameters in vertebral subregions were better predictors of vertebral bone strength in specimens with low aBMD, compared to those with higher aBMD. Twenty-five lumbar vertebrae (15 embalmed and 10 fresh-frozen) were scanned with posteroanterior- (PA) and lateral-projection DXA, and then mechanically tested in compression to ultimate failure. Whole-vertebral aBMD and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured from the PA- and lateral-projection scans and within 6 intravertebral subregions. Multivariate regression was used to predict ultimate failure load by BMC, adjusted for vertebral size and specimen fixation status across the whole specimen set, and when subgrouped into specimens with low aBMD and high aBMD. Adjusted BMC explained a substantial proportion of variance in ultimate vertebral load, when measured over the whole vertebral area in lateral projection (adjusted R2 0.84) and across the six subregions (ROIs 2–7) (adjusted R2 range 0.58–0.78). The association between adjusted BMC, either measured subregionally or across the whole vertebral area, and vertebral failure load, was increased for the subgroup of specimens with identified ‘low aBMD’, compared to those with ‘high aBMD’, particularly in the anterior subregion where the adjusted R2 differed by 0.44. The relative contribution of BMC measured in vertebral subregions to ultimate failure load is greater among specimens with lower aBMD, compared to those with higher aBMD, particularly in the anterior subregion of the vertebral body

In Vivo Evaluation of the Presence of Bone Marrow in Cortical Porosity in Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women

This is the first observational study examining cortical porosity in vivo in postmenopausal osteopenic women and to incorporate data from two different imaging modalities to further examine the nature of cortical porosity. The goal of this study was to combine high-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HR-pQCT) images, which contain high spatial resolution information of the cortical structure, and magnetic resonance (MR) images, which allow the visualization of soft tissues such as bone marrow, to observe the amount of cortical porosity that contains bone marrow in postmenopausal osteopenic women. The radius of 49 and the tibia of 51 postmenopausal osteopenic women (age 56 ± 3.7) were scanned using both HR-pQCT and MR imaging. A normalized mutual information registration algorithm was used to obtain a three-dimensional rigid transform which aligned the MR image to the HR-pQCT image. The aligned images allowed for the visualization of bone marrow in cortical pores. From the HR-pQCT image, the percent cortical porosity, the number of cortical pores, and the size of each cortical pore was determined. By overlaying the aligned MR and HR-pQCT images, the percent of cortical pores containing marrow, the number of cortical pores containing marrow, and the size of each cortical pore containing marrow were measured. While the amount of cortical porosity did not vary greatly between subjects, the type of cortical pore, containing marrow vs. not containing marrow, varied highly between subjects. The results suggest that cortical pore spaces contain components of varying composition, and that there may be more than one mechanism for the development of cortical porosity

The Ratio 1660/1690 cm−1 Measured by Infrared Microspectroscopy Is Not Specific of Enzymatic Collagen Cross-Links in Bone Tissue

In postmenopausal osteoporosis, an impairment in enzymatic cross-links (ECL) occurs, leading in part to a decline in bone biomechanical properties. Biochemical methods by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are currently used to measure ECL. Another method has been proposed, by Fourier Transform InfraRed Imaging (FTIRI), to measure a mature PYD/immature DHLNL cross-links ratio, using the 1660/1690 cm−1 area ratio in the amide I band. However, in bone, the amide I band composition is complex (collagens, non-collagenous proteins, water vibrations) and the 1660/1690 cm−1 by FTIRI has never been directly correlated with the PYD/DHLNL by HPLC. A study design using lathyritic rats, characterized by a decrease in the formation of ECL due to the inhibition of lysyl oxidase, was used in order to determine the evolution of 1660/1690 cm−1 by FTIR Microspectroscopy in bone tissue and compare to the ECL quantified by HPLC. The actual amount of ECL was quantified by HPLC on cortical bone from control and lathyritic rats. The lathyritic group exhibited a decrease of 78% of pyridinoline content compared to the control group. The 1660/1690 cm−1 area ratio was increased within center bone compared to inner bone, and this was also correlated with an increase in both mineral maturity and mineralization index. However, no difference in the 1660/1690 cm−1 ratio was found between control and lathyritic rats. Those results were confirmed by principal component analysis performed on multispectral infrared images. In bovine bone, in which PYD was physically destructed by UV-photolysis, the PYD/DHLNL (measured by HPLC) was strongly decreased, whereas the 1660/1690 cm−1 was unmodified. In conclusion, the 1660/1690 cm−1 is not related to the PYD/DHLNL ratio, but increased with age of bone mineral, suggesting that a modification of this ratio could be mainly due to a modification of the collagen secondary structure related to the mineralization process

Effect of medication on biomechanical properties of rabbit bones: Heparin induced osteoporosis

The aim of this controlled study is to investigate the effect of heparin on osteoporosis initiation and of calcitonin and tamoxifen on the progress of osteoporosis induced by heparin through biomechanical means and, thus, to assist in clinical usage of these drugs, 32 four-month-old female New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four different experimental groups, The animals in group A were administered heparin (Liquemine) intraperitoneally at the dosage of 1000 IU/kg/day, The animals in group B were injected the same amount of heparin as those of group A, and in addition, were given calcitonin at the dosage of 100 IU/kg/day, The animals in group C were medicated the same way as group B but 2 mg/kg/day tamoxifen (Nolvadex) was orally added into their intestine via cannula, one side connected to the injector, The animals in group D were the control, The experiment lasted 8 weeks, The animals in all experimental groups showed the same growth pattern as that of the control group, Whole-bone femur, humerus and tibia specimens were subjected to 3-point bending tests while sections from the proximal ends of the same specimens were subjected to compression tests, The data, recorded as load vs deflection, were converted into stress vs strain using the strength of materials formulae, The data obtained from the bending and the compression experiments were treated separately The stiffness of the bones of the medicated groups were compared with those of the control groups, Our data indicated that the tamoxifen treated humera, femora and tibiae attained the largest bending stiffness in all cases investigated, However, this was not the case for compression, None of the drug administered groups attained the stiffness of the control group except for the case of tamoxifen treated femora which attained stiffness close to that of the controls, The results show that heparin altered the mechanical properties of bones indicating osteoporosis, tamoxifen was effective in reducing the effect of heparin while calcitonin yielded no conclusive result

Non Destructive Characterization of Cortical Bone MicroDamage by Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

The objective of the study was to evaluate the ability of a nonlinear ultrasound technique, the so-called nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) technique, for detecting early microdamage accumulation in cortical bone induced by four-point bending fatigue. Small parallelepiped beam-shaped human cortical bone specimens were subjected to cyclic four-point bending fatigue in several steps. The specimens were prepared to control damage localization during four-point bending fatigue cycling and to unambiguously identify resonant modes for NRUS measurements. NRUS measurements were achieved to follow the evolution of the nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior during fatigue-induced damage. After each fatigue step, a small number of specimens was removed from the protocol and set apart to quantitatively assess the microcrack number density and length using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT). The results showed a significant effect of damage steps on the nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior. No significant change in the overall length of microcracks was observed in damaged regions compared to the load-free control regions. Only an increased number of shortest microcracks, those in the lowest quartile, was noticed. This was suggestive of newly formed microcracks during the early phases of damage accumulation. The variation of nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior was significantly correlated to the variation of the density of short microcracks. Our results suggest that the nonlinear hysteretic elastic behavior is sensitive to early bone microdamage. Therefore NRUS technique can be used to monitor fatigue microdamage progression in in vitro experiments.BONUS_07BLAN019

Variable stiffness biological and bio-inspired materials

This article reviews the main mechanisms of stiffness variation typically found in nature. The temporal changes in stiffness may be fully or partially reversible, or completely irreversible, and can be very slow or fast in time depending on the strategy adopted to alter the mechanical properties. It is also possible to observe changes in the stiffness in order to recover the original mechanical properties in damaged natural materials by means of self-healing mechanisms. In addition to stiffness variations in time, natural materials can also exhibit stiffness changes in space. These variations can be represented by alterations in the spatial distribution of the microscopic constituents across multiple hierarchical scales, from very small physical scales to large macroscopic dimensions. In order to optimise the strength and multifunctionality of these materials, spatial changes can also occur over larger areas at one single scale. In addition, several examples are provided to illustrate how natural materials have been exploited further in order to develop new bio-inspired materials. © 2012 The Author(s)