Use of blood meals from stable flies to evaluate the bovine leukemia virus infection status in cattle herds: a pilot study

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MtDNA variation and human-mediated introgression of indigenous sus populations on several Indonesian Islands

o examine the genetic origin of the domestic pig, the distribution of wild boar, and　human-mediated translocation of the domestic pig, we collected 223 samples from domestic pigs and　wild boars from eight Indonesian islands, sequenced the control region of mitochondrial DNA　(mtDNA) from each sample, and compared these sequences with previously determined sequences from East and Southeast Asian domestic pigs and wild boars. Three Sus species (S. scrofa, S.verrucosus, and S. celebensis) were identified on the Indonesian islands. The mtDNA sequences of　three Indonesian Sus species were diverse, and they clustered into three lineages with low bootstrap　values (an S. scrofa group including East and Southeast Asian domestic pigs and wild boars, a group including indigenous S. scrofa together with S. verrucosus from Sumatra and Java Islands, and an S.celebensis group from Sulawesi Island). The mtDNA haplotypes of S. scrofa wild boars from three　(Sumbawa, Flores and New Guinea) islands and domestic pigs from two (Lombok and Timor) islands east of the Wallace Line, and some S. scrofa wild boars from Sumatra and Java Islands were related　to Vietnamese pig mtDNA sequences in the East and Southeast Asian domestic pig and wild boar　clade, supporting that ancient immigrants likely introduced domestic pigs from the Asian continent to east Indonesian islands. The mtDNA haplotypes of S. celebensis were broadly divided into three　groups, which were distributed in the north and southwest areas, central area and southeast area of　Sulawesi Island

Performance evaluation of an improved RAISING method for clonality analysis of bovine leukemia virus-infected cells : a collaborative study in Japan

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a retrovirus that is widespread worldwide, causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a B-cell leukemia/lymphoma with a poor prognosis that ultimately results in death. In Japan, the number of cattle infected with this virus is increasing, and it is estimated more than 35% of cattle are currently infected. Since no vaccines or treatments against BLV infection are currently available, it is important to establish a method of early diagnosis for EBL to reduce economic losses caused by the disposal of EBL cattle in Japan, where a large number of expensive beef cattle are raised. We previously developed Rapid Amplification of the Integration Site without Interference by Genomic DNA Contamination (RAISING), a cost-effective, rapid, and sensitive method for the clonality analysis of BLV-infected cells. Despite its usefulness for the early diagnosis of EBL, RAISING had drawbacks preventing its practical application. Here, we report the development of an improved method, RAISING ver.2, and its performance. Compared to BLV clonality analysis using the previous method, RAISING ver.2 was found to maintain high accuracy and reproducibility despite its simplification. Moreover, its performance was also validated in a multicenter validation study. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that RAISING ver.2 can be fully utilized in clinical practice. Successful commercialization of a RAISING test kit could overcome the concerns of livestock farmers suffering from EBL, thereby promoting a stable supply of Japanese beef, both domestically and internationally.This work was supported by grants from Ito Memorial Foundation (to SK), the Science and Technology Research Promotion Program for Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Food Industry, Japan (number 26058BC; to SK), the NARO, Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (the special scheme project on regional developing strategy; grant 16817557 to SK and Research and Implementation Promotion Program through Open Innovation Grants; JPJ011937 to SK and MS), grants-in-aid for Scientific Research (project numbers 19KK0172, 22K19232, 23K23768, 23KK0124 to SK, 19K15993, 22K15005, 24K01918 to TO, 17H03594 to MS), a grant from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (JP223fa627005 [to SK]), and Clinical Research Promotion Fund by Hokkaido University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (to SK).journal articl

Performance evaluation of an improved RAISING method for clonality analysis of bovine leukemia virus-infected cells: a collaborative study in Japan

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a retrovirus that is widespread worldwide, causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a B-cell leukemia/lymphoma with a poor prognosis that ultimately results in death. In Japan, the number of cattle infected with this virus is increasing, and it is estimated more than 35% of cattle are currently infected. Since no vaccines or treatments against BLV infection are currently available, it is important to establish a method of early diagnosis for EBL to reduce economic losses caused by the disposal of EBL cattle in Japan, where a large number of expensive beef cattle are raised. We previously developed Rapid Amplification of the Integration Site without Interference by Genomic DNA Contamination (RAISING), a cost-effective, rapid, and sensitive method for the clonality analysis of BLV-infected cells. Despite its usefulness for the early diagnosis of EBL, RAISING had drawbacks preventing its practical application. Here, we report the development of an improved method, RAISING ver.2, and its performance. Compared to BLV clonality analysis using the previous method, RAISING ver.2 was found to maintain high accuracy and reproducibility despite its simplification. Moreover, its performance was also validated in a multicenter validation study. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that RAISING ver.2 can be fully utilized in clinical practice. Successful commercialization of a RAISING test kit could overcome the concerns of livestock farmers suffering from EBL, thereby promoting a stable supply of Japanese beef, both domestically and internationally

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

On-site Visual Diagnosis of Parapoxvirus Infection Using a Portable Cordless Incubator

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Up-Regulation of MUC2 Mucin Expression by Serum Amyloid A3 Protein in Mouse Colonic Epithelial Cells

Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are acute-phase proteins and are classified into multiple isoforms; however, the biological functions of each SAA isoform are not fully understood. In this study, to clarify the roles of SAA3 in the intestine, we characterized mRNA expression in mouse colonic epithelial CMT-93 cells treated with rotavirus, Toxoplasma, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and recombinant murine SAAs (rSAAs). E. coli together with LPS, but not the other pathogens, enhanced SAA3 mRNA expression. The mRNA expression of SAA3 by dead E. coli was higher than that by living E. coli, and the mRNA expression by E. coli and LPS increased in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, mRNA expressions of SAA1 and/or SAA2 were not stimulated by any of the treatments. In comparisons of cell treatments with rSAA1 or rSAA3, rSAA3 significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), a major component of the mucus layer of the intestines that acts as an epithelial cell barrier against pathogens, while MUC2 mRNA expression was not significantly increased by E. coli and LPS. Furthermore, treatment with rSAAs intensively induced tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression. These results suggest that SAA3 plays a role in host innate immunity in the colon by up-regulating MUC2 mucin production, which builds a physiological barrier of colonic epithelia against bacterial invasion

Nakanishi et al., Supplemental Figure S1, S2, Table S1.pdf

Supplemental Figures and Tabl

Near-Complete Genome Sequence of a Swine Norovirus GII.11 Strain Detected in Japan in 2018

Here, we report the near-complete genome sequence of swine norovirus strain SwNoV/Sw1/2018/JP. The genome was genetically similar (90.2%) to that of the only other swine norovirus strain previously detected in Japan (SW/NV/swine43/JP). In conclusion, genome sequences of swine noroviruses in Japan have not been changed significantly in the past 15 years.</jats:p