Representation of Outcome Risk and Action in the Anterior Caudate Nucleus

The anterior caudate nucleus is essential for goal-directed behavior because it links outcome information to actions. It is well known that caudate neurons provide a variety of reward-related and action signals. However, it is still unclear how the two signals are integrated. We investigated whether and how outcome risk modulates spatial representation. We recorded neural activity in the anterior caudate nucleus while monkeys made saccades to multiple spatial targets, each associated with either fixed (safe) or variable (risky) amount of reward. We report that individual neurons combined the outcome reward signal with spatial information about the direction of saccades. These signals could be reliably read out from the populations of neurons. Moreover, the prospect of a risky outcome improved the quality of spatial information. These results provide direct evidence that global spatial representation in the caudate is modulated by outcome, which can be important for flexible control of behavior, particularly during learning and habit formation, when outcomes vary

Long-term coding of personal and universal associations underlying the memory web in the human brain

Neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), a critical area for declarative memory, have been shown to change their tuning in associative learning tasks. Yet, it is unclear how durable these neuronal representations are and if they outlast the execution of the task. To address this issue, we studied the responses of MTL neurons in neurosurgical patients to known concepts (people and places). Using association scores provided by the patients and a web-based metric, here we show that whenever MTL neurons respond to more than one concept, these concepts are typically related. Furthermore, the degree of association between concepts could be successfully predicted based on the neurons’ response patterns. These results provide evidence for a long-term involvement of MTL neurons in the representation of durable associations, a hallmark of human declarative memory

Trial Outcome and Associative Learning Signals in the Monkey Hippocampus

In tasks of associative learning, animals establish new links between unrelated items by using information about trial outcome to strengthen correct/rewarded associations and modify incorrect/unrewarded ones. To study how hippocampal neurons convey information about reward and trial outcome during new associative learning, we recorded hippocampal neurons as monkeys learned novel object-place associations. A large population of hippocampal neurons (50%) signaled trial outcome by differentiating between correct and error trials during the period after the behavioral response. About half these cells increased their activity following correct trials (correct up cells) while the remaining half fired more following error trials (error up cells). Moreover, correct up cells, but not error up cells, conveyed information about learning by increasing their stimulus-selective response properties with behavioral learning. These findings suggest that information about successful trial outcome conveyed by correct up cells may influence new associative learning through changes in the cell's stimulus-selective response properties.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant MH48847)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Award DA015644)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH Award MH59733)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant MH071847)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH grant DP1 OD003646)Fondation pour la recherche médical

Frequency-specific hippocampal-prefrontal interactions during associative learning

Much of our knowledge of the world depends on learning associations (for example, face-name), for which the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical. HPC-PFC interactions have rarely been studied in monkeys, whose cognitive and mnemonic abilities are akin to those of humans. We found functional differences and frequency-specific interactions between HPC and PFC of monkeys learning object pair associations, an animal model of human explicit memory. PFC spiking activity reflected learning in parallel with behavioral performance, whereas HPC neurons reflected feedback about whether trial-and-error guesses were correct or incorrect. Theta-band HPC-PFC synchrony was stronger after errors, was driven primarily by PFC to HPC directional influences and decreased with learning. In contrast, alpha/beta-band synchrony was stronger after correct trials, was driven more by HPC and increased with learning. Rapid object associative learning may occur in PFC, whereas HPC may guide neocortical plasticity by signaling success or failure via oscillatory synchrony in different frequency bands.National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (Conte Center Grant P50-MH094263-03)National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (Fellowship F32-MH081507)Picower Foundatio

Temporal context and conditional associative learning

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We investigated how temporal context affects the learning of arbitrary visuo-motor associations. Human observers viewed highly distinguishable, fractal objects and learned to choose for each object the one motor response (of four) that was rewarded. Some objects were consistently preceded by specific other objects, while other objects lacked this task-irrelevant but predictive context.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results of five experiments showed that predictive context consistently and significantly accelerated associative learning. A simple model of reinforcement learning, in which three successive objects informed response selection, reproduced our behavioral results.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results imply that not just the representation of a current event, but also the representations of past events, are reinforced during conditional associative learning. In addition, these findings are broadly consistent with the prediction of attractor network models of associative learning and their prophecy of a persistent representation of past objects.</p

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI BONGKAR MUAT BARANG PADA PT. INDO SAGORA BANDAR LAMPUNG

PT. Indo Sagora adalah perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang ekspedisi bongkar muat kapal yang beroperasi dipelabuhan panjang. Bongkar muat merupakan suatu kegiatan operasional PT. Indo Sagora yang dilakukan setiapharinya, dengan melakukan bongkar muat barang dengan cara memindahkan muatan dari gudang ke kapal ataudari kapal ke gudang yang dibawa atau diangkut ke tempat tujuan dengan aman dan selamat yang dilakukansesuai dengan prosedur penanganan muatan oleh staff admin. Oleh karena itu bongkar muat perlu diawasi dalampenginputan maupun pelaporan. Dalam pengawasan penginputan perlu adanya sistem pencatatan, karenapenginputan dapat mempengaruhi terhadap laporan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah rancang bangun aplikasi yangdapat mengeola data barang, operasional bongkar muat barang dan laporan bongkar muat barang. Aplikasi inidibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Hypertext preprocessor (PHP) dan databasenya menggunakanMySQL. Metode pengembangan sistem menggunakan metode Extreme Programming. Alat perancangan yangdigunakan adalah diagram Unified Modelling Language (UML) yang terdiri dari use case diagram, classdiagram, dan activity diagram. Aplikasi yang telah dihasilkan pada rancang bangun ini yaitu dapat mengeloladata barang, operasional bongkar muat barang dan laporan bongkar muat barang, sehingga memudahkan dalamproses kegiatan operasional bongkar muat barang di PT. Indo Sagora Bandar Lampung

Cuba, 1945-1949. Internal affairs and foreign affairs

The documents are from Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State. Accompanied by a printed reel guide, compiled by L. Lee Yanike

MEMBANGUN APLIKASI BERBASIS WEB UNTUK PENJUALAN SPAREPART MOBIL PADA CV. GRAHA AUTO NATAR LAMPUNG SELATAN

CV.Graha Auto yang didirikan pada bulan Maret 2005, beralamat dijalan Raya Natar No. 125 Natar Lampung Selatan. Dalam penelitian beserta karya tulis ini penulis membahas mengenai proses pemesanan produk secara online (e-commerce) yang akan di implementasikan pada CV. Graha Auto yaitu sebuah perusahaan yang menjual produk sparepart mobil. Dalam pembuatan website aplikasi penjualan ini nantinya akan menjadi acuan untuk dapat merancang proses pemesanan melalui media elektronik dan sebagai promosi itu sendiri. Metode pengumpulan data yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode observasi, dokumentasi, dan tinjauan pustaka. Sedangkan untuk metode pengembangan sistemnya peneliti menggunakan metode prototype. Hasil Penelitian dari Sistem Informasi Penjualan Sparepart Mobil adalah terwujudnya Aplikasi Penjualan Sparepart Mobil berbasis web pada CV. Graha Auto Natar Lampung Selatan. Aplikasi penjualan berbasis web ini semoga dapat membantu perusahaan dalam memasarkan produk dengan jangkauan pasar yang lebih luas, mempromosikan produk bisa lebih hemat dan cepat, dapat mempermudah laporan penjualan karena sudah otomatis terinput ke databas

MEMBANGUN APLIKASI PENGADAAN BARANG BERBASIS WEB DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FRAMEWORK CODEIGNITER (CI) PADA PT. INTI SENTOSA ALAM BAHTERA BANDAR LAMPUNG

Inti Sentosa Alam Bahtera didirikan pada tahun 1989 di Lampung dan mulai beroperasi secara komersial pada November 2000. Perusahaan ini bergerak dibidang jasa pelabuhan, pergudangan, jasa bongkar muat dan jasa sewa tangki penyimpanan. PT. Inti Sentosa Alam Bahtera memiliki perjanjian kerja sama operasi dengan PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia II (Persero) untuk pembangunan dan pengoperasionalan terminal cargo kering dan cair di Pelabuhan Panjang, Berupa Built-Operate-transfer (BOT) dan hak guna serta pengelolaan lahan tambahan untuk layanan tangki penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membangun aplikasi pengadaan barang yang dapat mengeola barang masuk, barang keluar dan stok barang. Aplikasi ini dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dan databasenya menggunakan MySQL. Metode pengembangan sistem menggunakan metode Extreme Programming. Alat perancangan yang digunakan adalah diagram Unified Modelling Language (UML) yang terdiri dari use case diagram, class diagram, dan activity diagram. Sistem informasi yang telah dihasilkan pada perancangan ini yaitu dapat mengelola barang masuk, barang keluar dan stok barang sehingga memudahkan dalam proses pengadaan barang pada PT. Inti Sentosa Alam Bahtera Bandar Lampung

Cuba, 1950-1954. Internal affairs and foreign affairs

Accompanied by a printed reel guide, compiled by L. Lee Yanike