Splenic CD8(+) T cells secrete TGF-beta 1 to exert suppression in mice with anterior chamber-associated immune deviation

Background CD8(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) have been considered to be involved in a model of ocular-induced tolerance, known as anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). The mechanisms of suppression by CD8(+) T cells in ACAID remain only poorly understood. TGF-beta 1 is considered as an inhibitory cytokine for immunosuppression in some models. The production of TGF-beta 1 by CD8(+) T cells in ACAID, and whether CD8+ T cells exert suppression through TGF-beta 1, is unknown. Methods The suppressive effect of CD8(+) T cells in ACAID mice was determined by a local adoptive transfer (LAT) assay. The production of TGF-beta 1 by CD8(+) T cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-TGF-beta 1 antibodies were used in the LAT assay to test if they could block the inhibitory effect of CD8(+) T cells. Results CD8(+) T cells from ACAID mice were shown to block the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in an antigen-specific manner in a LAT assay. These CD8+ T cells secreted TGF-beta 1, and their suppression could partially be blocked by anti-TGF-beta 1 antibodies. Conclusions Our study confirms that CD8+ T cells from ACAID mice possess inhibitory properties. This population exerts part of its suppressive function via the production of TGF-beta 1

Identification of two novel single nucleotide polymorphism sites in the Myostatin (MSTN) gene and their association with carcass traits in meat-type rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

[EN] Two unknown single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in exons 1 (c.194C>T) and 2 (c.445T>A) of meat-type rabbit MSTN gene were identified in the study. Our objective was to analyse the population genetics structure of the two novel SNP sites in 230 individuals from six breeds and their associations with carcass traits of rabbits. We found that live body weight (BW), cold carcass weight (CCW), reference carcass weight (RCW), CCW percentage (PCCW) and RCW percentage (PRCW) of the rabbits with the genotype CC at the c.194C>T of exon 1 or AA at the c.445T>A of exon 2 were significantly higher than those with other genotypes. Diplotype significantly affected BW, RCW, CCW, PRCW (P<0.01) and PCCW and PCM (P<0.05). CC/AA was the advantageous diplotype for BW, RCW, CCW and PCM, and TT/AA was the advantageous diplotype for PCCW and PRCW. In contrast, TT/TT was the negative diplotype for BW, CCW, RCW, PCCW and PRCW, and TT/AA was the negative diplotype for PCM. The results sugThe studies were financially supported by Basic Science Research Fund of Sichuan Agricultural University (No.11967) and the National Modern Rabbit Production Industry Special Fund (N°. NYCYTX-44-1-3).Yang, L.; Zhang, K.; Wu, QY.; Li, J.; Lai, SJ.; Song, TZ.; Zhang, M. (2019). Identification of two novel single nucleotide polymorphism sites in the Myostatin (MSTN) gene and their association with carcass traits in meat-type rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). World Rabbit Science. 27(4):249-256. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2019.10610OJS249256274Abdel-Kafy E.M., Darwish S.F., Elkhishin D. 2016. Correlating single nucleotide polymorphisms in the myostatin gene with performance traits in rabbit. World Rabbit Sci., 24: 213-221. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2016.4026Bellinge R.H.S., Liberles D.A., Iashi S.P.A., O'Brien P.A., Tay G.K. 2004. Myostatin and its implications on animal breeding: a review. Anim. Gen., 36: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01229.xEl-Sabrout K., Aggag S.A. 2017. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple candidate genes and body weight in rabbits. Vet. World, 10: 136-139. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.136-139Fontanesi L., Scotti E., Frabetti A., Fornasini D., Picconi A., Russo V. 2011. Identification of polymorphisms in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) myostatin (MSTN) gene and association analysis with finishing weight in a commercial rabbit population. Anim. Gen., 42: 339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02163.xFontanesi L., Tazzoli M., Scotti E., Russo V. 2008. Analysis of candidate genes for meat production traits in domestic rabbit breeds. 9th World Rabbit Congress, Verona, Italy, 10-13 June 2008, 32: 73-87.George K.S., Michael G., Iosif B., George P., Olga P., Zafeiris A., Stelios G.D. 2015. Stella E.C. Effects of gestational maternal undernutrition on growth carcass composition and meat quality of rabbit offspring. PLOS one, 10: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118259Grobet L., Poncelet D., Royo Martin L.J., Brouwers B., Pirottin D., Michaux C., Ménissier F., Zanotti M., Dunner S., Georges M. 1998. Molecular definition of an allelic series of mutations disrupting the myostatin function and causing double muscling in cattle. Mamm. Genome, 9: 210-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003359900727Grobet L., Royo Martin L.J., Poncelet D., Pirottin D., Brouwers B., Riquet J., Scheberlein A., Dunner S., Menissier F., Massabanda J., Fries R., Hanset R., Georges M. 1997. A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the doublemuscled phenotype in cattle. Nat. Genet., 17: 71-74. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0997-71Guo D., Cao Y., Zhang J.B., Han D., Zhang X.B., Jin H.G. 2007. Analysis of SNPs polymorphism in the exon 1 of MSTN gene in Grassland Red cattle. Modern Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 11: 12-13 (In Chinese).Guo R., Wan Y., Xu D., Cui L., Deng M., Zhang G., Jia R., Zhou W., Wang Z., Deng K., Huang M., Wang F., Zhang Y. 2016. Generation and evaluation of Myostatin knock-out rabbits and goats using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Sci. Rep-UK., 6: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29855Jiang Y.L., Li N., Wu C.X., Li L.X. 2008. Analysis on nucleotide polymorphisms of porcine myostatin gene in different breeds. J. Genet. Genomics, 28: 840-845 (In Chinese).Joulia-Ekaza D., Cabello G. 2007. The myostatin gene: physiology and pharmacological relevance. Curr. Op. Pharmacol., 7: 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.011Joulia D., Bernardi H., Garandel V., Rabenoelina F., Vernus B., Cabello G. 2003. Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of myoblast proliferation and differentiation by myostatin. Exp. Cell Res. 286, 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00074-0Jurečková J., Picek J. 2007. Shapiro-Wilk-type test of normality under nuisance regression and scale. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 51(10): 5184-5191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.08.026Kambadur R., Sharma M., Smith T.P..L, Bass J.J. 1997. Mutation in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian blue and Piedmontese cattle. Gen. Res., 7: 910-915. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7.9.910Lin J., Arnold H.B., Della-Fera M.A, Azain M.J., Hartzell D.L., Baile CA. 2002. Myostatin knock-out in mice increases myogenesis and decreases adipogenesis. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co., 292: 701-706. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2002.6500Li S.H., Xiong Y.Z., Zheng R., Li A.Y., Deng C.Y., Jiang S.W., Lei M.G., Weng Y.Q., Cao G.C. 2002. Polymorphism of porcine myostatin gene. J. Genet. Genomics, 29: 326-331 (In Chinese).Liu Z.Z., Li X.L., Gong Y.F., Jin X.M., Feng M.S. 2006. Relationship between polymorphism of goat MSTN gene intron 2 and body weight. Acta Vet. Zootec. Sinica, 37: 745-748.Lu J.Q., Huang W., Zhao N., Wang W.W., Hou S.S. 2008. Analysis on gene polymorphism of myostatin and carcass traits of Peking duck. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine 35: 61-63 (In Chinese).Marchitelli C., Savarese M.C., Crisa A., Nardone A., Ajmone-Marsan P., Valentini A. 2003. Double muscling in marchigiana beef breed is caused by a stop codon in the third exon of myostatin gene. Mamm. Genome, 14: 392-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-002-2176-5McCroskery S., THomas M., Maxwell L, Sharma M., Kambadur R. 2003. Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal. J. Cell Biol., 162: 1135-1147. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200207056McPherron A.C., Lawler A.M., Lee S.J. 1997. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-B superfamily member. Nature, 387: 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1038/387083a0McPherron A.C, Lee S.J. 1997. Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in myostatin gene. In Proc.: National Academy of Sciences, 94: 12457-12461. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.23.12457McPherron A.C., Lee S.J. 2002. Suppression of body fat accumulation in myostatin-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest., 109: 595-601. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200213562Mosher D.S., Quignon P., Bustamante C.D., Sutter N.B., Mellersh C.S., Parker H.G, Ostrander E.A. 2007. A mutation in the myostatin gene increases muscle mass and enhances racing performance in heterozygote dogs. Plos Genetics, 3: e79. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030079Naveen Z., Naik B.R., Subramanyam B.V., Reddy P.M. 2016. Studies on the quality of duck meat sausages during refrigeration. Springer Plus, 5: 2061. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3743-7Qiao X.B., Xu K.Y., Li B., Luan X., Xia T., Fan X.Z. 2014. Rabbit MSTN gene polymorphisms and genetic effect analysis. Genet. Mol. Res., 13: 2590-2597. https://doi.org/10.4238/2014.April.8.1Rios R., Carneiro I., Arce V.M., Devesa J.. 2002. Myostatin is an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 282: 993-999. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00372.2001Shi B., Wen H.S., He F., Dong S.L., Ma S., Chen C.F., Wang L.S., Yao J, Mu X.J., Zhou Y.G. 2009. Association of reproductive performance with SNPs of FOXL2 gene by SSCP in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 153: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.10.007Simon D., Palatnik M., Roisenberg I. 2002. Analysis of the1185A/G von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene polymorphism in two Brazilian ethnic groups and its effect on the plasma VWF levels. Thromb. Res., 105: 519-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(02)00060-9Sternstein I., Reissmann M., Maj D., Bieniek J., Brockmann G.A. 2014. A new single nucleotide polymorphism in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) myostatin (MSTN ) gene is associated with carcass composition traits. Anim. Genet., 45: 596-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12165Zhang G.W., Wang H.Z., Chen S.Y., Li Z.C., Zhang W.X., Lai S.J. 2011. A reduced incidence of digestive disorders in rabbits is associated with allelic diversity at the TLR4 locus. Vet. Immunol. Immunop., 144: 482-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.009Zhang H.L., Shi H.C., Luo S.P., Niu Z.G., Tang S, Wu J., Liu M.J. 2007. Analysis on mononucleotide polymorphism of exon I of myostatingene in sheep. J. Xinjiang Agricultural University, 30, 21-24 (In Chinese).Zhu Z., Wu D.J., Xu N.Y. 2007. SNPs of myostatin gene and its genetic effects on carcass traits in chicken. Hereditas, 29: 593-598 (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.1360/yc-007-059

Structural Strength and Service Life of the Extrusion Forming Die for Agricultural Engine Piston Heads

Three-tier high-strength prestressed combination concave dies are designed to manifacture highpower corn combine harvester engine piston heads. This design integrates the advantages of traditional casting or hot die forging and warm extrusion. The following key parameters, viz radial dimensions of each mating layer, axial bonding and radial contact interaction, are obtained by theoretical calculation. Nonlinear analysis of the contact interaction was carried out, and the die contact condition was studied at no-load and full-load. Based on the Archard wear theory, thermomechanical bonding was studied in operation of the die. Through numerical simulation of the die wear in each operation cycle, the univariate linear regression equation of the die service life was derived, and the reliability of this equation was verified. The results show that the die contact is both stable and reliable if the radial contact interaction of the inner and outer layers is δ₂= 1.9716 mm and δ₃= 1.3870 mm, respectively. With the nitriding layer thickness of 0.24 mm, the extrusion die service life in the production of piston heads corresponds to 6357 pieces.Разработаны трехъярусные высокопрочные предварительно-напряженные многоместные вогнутые головки для изготовления днищ поршня двигателя мощного кукурузоуборочного комбайна. Конструкция соединяет в себе преимущества литья или горячей ковки и горячей экструзии. Радиальные размеры каждого соединяемого слоя, осевое сцепление и радиальное контактное взаимодействие рассчитаны теоретически. Выполнен нелинейный анализ контактного взаимодействия, изучены условия контактирования в головке при нулевой и полной нагрузке. На основании теории износа Арчарда выполнена оценка термомеханического сцепления в процессе эксплуатации головки. Путем численного моделирования износа головки в каждом рабочем цикле получено однопараметрическое уравнение линейной регрессии для срока ее службы; проверена достоверность данного уравнения. Показано, что контакт в головке устойчив и надежен, при радиальном контактном взаимодействии внутреннего и наружного слоев δ₂= 1.9716 мм и δ₃= 1.3870 мм соответственно. При толщине нитридного слоя 0,24 мм срок службы экструзионной головки в производстве днищ поршня соответствует 6357 изделиям

Epidemiologic Features and Environmental Risk Factors of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Xinyang, China

Background:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease discovered in rural areas of Central China in 2009, caused by a novel bunyavirus, SFT

Analysis of the modes of energy consumption of the complex of an incoherent scattering of the institute of ionosphere of national academy of sciences and the ministry of education and science of Ukraine

У даній статті представлені результати аналізу режимів енергоспоживання комплексу некогерентного розсіяння Інституту іоносфери НАН і МОН України з метою вирішення проблеми підвищення енергоефективності науково-дослідного комплексу та створення енергоефективної системи електропостачання, яка забезпечить стійку роботу наукового обладнання для виконання дослідницьких програм НАН України. Описана система електроживлення комплексу та режими енергоспоживання комплексу. Описано пристрої радарної системи, а також найбільш потужні споживачі електроенергії, які споживають електроенергію на експериментальні і господарські потреби. Проаналізовано енергоспоживання комплексу некогерентного розсіяння за 2013 р. Отримано і представлено графіки середньої споживаної потужності (середньодобовий показник) і середньої споживаної потужності в режимі вимірювань. Описана доцільність проведення робіт з оптимізації енергопостачання науково-дослідного комплексу Інституту іоносфери. Запропоновано можливі заходи для зниження економічної вартості проведення експериментів з дослідження іоносфери науково-дослідного комплексу некогерентного розсіяння. Проведено аналіз робіт сучасних авторів з метою показати, що підвищення ефективності функціонування систем електропостачання є актуальною проблемою сучасних досліджень.This article presents the results of the analysis of the energy consumption modes of the incoherent scattering complex of the Institute of Ionosphere of the National Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine to solve the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of a research complex and creating an energy efficient power supply system that will ensure the sustainability of scientific equipment for research programs of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The system of power supply of the complex and modes of power consumption of the complex are described. The devices of the radar system are described, as well as the most powerful consumers of electricity, which consume electricity for experimental and economic needs. The energy consumption of the incoherent scattering complex in 2013 is analyzed. Graphs of the average power consumption (daily average) and average power consumption in measurement modes were obtained and presented. The feasibility of work to optimize the energy supply of the research complex of the institute of the ionosphere is described. Possible measures are proposed to reduce the economic cost of conducting experiments on the study of the ionosphere of an incoherent scattering research complex. The analysis of the works of modern authors i s carried out in order to show that increasing the efficiency of the power supply systems is an actual problem of modern research

A qualitative exploration of nurses leaving nursing practice in China

AIM: This paper reports a theoretical understanding of nurses leaving nursing practice by exploring the processes of decision‐making by registered nurses in China on exiting clinical care. BACKGROUND: The loss of nurses through their voluntarily leaving nursing practice has not attracted much attention in China. There is a lack of an effective way to understand and communicate nursing workforce mobility in China and worldwide. DESIGN: This qualitative study draws on the constant comparative method following a grounded theory approach. METHOD: In‐depth interviews with 19 nurses who had left nursing practice were theoretically sampled from one provincial capital city in China during August 2009–March 2010. RESULTS: The core category ‘Mismatching Expectations: Individual vs. Organizational’ emerged from leavers’ accounts of their leaving. By illuminating the interrelationship between the core category and the main category ‘Individual Perception of Power,’ four nursing behaviour patterns were identified: (1) Voluntary leaving; (2) Passive staying; (3) Adaptive staying and (4) Active staying