Propagation of Hypericum adenotrichum Spach using tissue culture techniques and investigation of secondary metabolite variations under in vitro conditions

In this study, it has been aimed to describe an appropriate procedure for in vitro propagation of H. adenotrichum which is an endemic plant and also has a potential value as a medicinal plant, and to determine the effects of some stress and elicitor treatments on production of secondary metabolites under in vitro conditions. In seed germination studies, it has been determined that light, dark, stratification, temperature and salt concentration of medium have positive or negative effects on seed germination behavior. ¼ MS/Galzy medium has been determined as the best medium for seedling development. Callus formation has been observed from leaf explants excised from the plants that were collected from their natural habitat. The highest callus induction percentage has been obtained on MS media supplemented with 4 mg/L BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA. Shoot induction has been observed from calli induced on the MS media containing BA alone after subculturing the calli on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L KIN. Directly shoots formation has been observed on leaf explants of H. adenotrichum on MS media containing KIN alone. Direct and indirect shoots of H. adenotrichum that were obtained from in vitro experiments have showed axillary shoot regeneration on MS media containing KIN alone. The highest axillary shoot number per explant has been obtained from MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L KIN. The root formation has occurred from axillary shoots of H. adenotrichum on media containing 0.5 mg/L IAA. Sucrose, polyethylene glycol, chrome, pectin and mannan have been applied to in vitro seedling intended for elicitation of important secondary metabolites of H. adenotrichum. Methanolic extracts of in vitro seedlings exposed various stress and elicitor treatments have been analyzed with HPLC. According to the results of HPLC analysis, pectin for elicitation of hypericins and chrome for elicitation of flavonoids have been determined as the most effective elicitors.Bu çalışmada, endemik ve tıbbi bitki olarak potansiyel önemi olan H. adenotrichum’un in vitro çoğaltımı için uygun bir protokol tanımlanması ve bazı stres ve elisitör uygulamalarının in vitro koşullarda bu bitkinin sekonder metabolitlerinin üretimi üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tohum çimlendirme çalışmalarında çimlenme üzerine ışık, stratifikasyon, sıcaklık ve ortamdaki tuz konsantrasyonunun negatif ya da pozitif etkilere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, fide gelişimi için en iyi ortamın ¼ MS/Galzy ortamı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğadan toplanan bitkilerden sağlanan yaprak eksplantlarından kallus oluşumu gözlenmiştir. En yüksek kallus indüksiyon yüzdesi 4 mg/L BA + 0.2 mg/L NAA (%95) içeren MS ortamında elde edilmiştir. BA’nın tek başına kullanıldığı MS besi ortamlarından elde edilen kalluslar, 0.5 mg/L KIN içeren MS besi ortamında alt kültüre alındıklarında sürgün oluşumu gerçekleşmiştir. H. adenotrichum’un yaprak eksplantlarından, KIN’in tek başına kullanıldığı MS besi ortamlarında, direkt sürgün oluşumu gözlenmiştir. In vitro ortamda elde edilmiş direkt ve indirekt sürgünler, KIN’in tek başına kullanıldığı MS besi ortamlarında, aksiller sürgün rejenerasyonu göstermişlerdir. Ayrıca, H. adenotrichum’un aksiller sürgünlerinden 0.5 mg/L IAA içeren makro ½ MS ve makro ¼ MS ortamlarında kök oluşumu gerçekleşmiştir. H. adenotrichum bitkisinin önemli sekonder metabolitlerinin elisitasyonuna yönelik olarak, sukroz, polietilen glikol (PEG) krom (Cr), pektin ve mannan in vitro fidelere uygulanmıştır. In vitro da belirli sürelerde çeşitli stres ve elisitör uygulamalarına maruz bırakılan fidelerin metanolik ekstraktları HPLC ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, hiperisinlerin elisitasyonunda pektin, flavonoidlerin elisitastonunda ise Cr en etkili elisitörler olarak belirlenmiştir

Finite element and equivalent circuit modeling of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) /

In this thesis, a precise finite element model (FEM) of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer is developed. Trough the results of the FEM, an equivalent circuit model of a transducer is built which enables high efficient design of transceiver front-end integrated circuit with a better known transducer behavior. Consequently, more realistic simulation results of the overall system can be obtained. The FEM model is created in the ANSYS environment and all simulations are done in 3D. The model can also be used to determine the proper parameters (e.g. radius, thickness, gap height) for the target of operation without fabrication. The equivalent circuit that is constructed over the Mason model is improved for immersion applications with modeling the radiation impedance with an RLC circuit and defining an effective transformer ratio value. Modeling results match actual measurements with a very good accuracy

Design and implementation of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers for high intensity focused ultrasound

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a medical procedure for noninvasive treatment of cancers. High intensity focused ultrasound is used to heat and destroy the diseased tissue. Piezoelectricity has been the core mechanism for generation of ultrasound waves in the treatment. Focusing can be done by using spherically curved transducers or using a lens or electronically steering sound waves by using phased arrays. Current research in HIFU technology targets the development of MR-guided miniaturized ultrasonic probes for treatment of cancerous tumors. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) is an alternative technology to generate and detect ultrasound. CMUT consists of a suspended membrane The advances in CMUT technology, enables fabricating tiny transducer arrays with wide bandwidth makes them a strong candidate for the application. In this thesis, a new methodology is proposed to design and operate CMUTs to generate high pressures under continuous wave excitation. An accurate nonlinear circuit model of CMUT is developed and the model is carried into a SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulator for fast simulations. The model includes the radiation impedance of the array, thus the operation in a fluid environment can be simulated. The model is verified by doing FEM simulations. The circuit model provides a novel optimization tool for CMUT operating in non-collapse mode. The optimized CMUT parameters are presented and a sample fabrication is done using anodic bonding process. With the process, a 100 m thick silicon wafer is bonded to a glass substrate. A new driving scheme is proposed without a need of DC voltage. Thus, the charge trapping problem in CMUT operation is eliminated. The fabricated device provides 1.8 MPa surface pressure with -28dB second harmonic for a maximum 125V drive voltage at 1.44 MHz which is currently a state of art performance of a CMUT under continuous wave excitation

The examination of sport managers and coaches’ stress levels and depressed mood at work in Turkey

This paper is an investigation of stress levels and depressed mood at work in sport managers and coaches. Three different questionnaires were applied to professional sport managers (n=60) and coaches (n=52) in Turkey to regard to potential sources of stress before, during and after competitions. This sample represented approximately 21% of the total professional football, basketball and volleyball clubs in Turkey. The questionnaires used are “Perceived Stress Questionnaire”, “Anxiety-Stress Questionnaire” and “Depressed Mood at Work Questionnaire”. Our findings indicated that: The aim of first questionnaire was to assess perceived stressful situations and results show that general stress levels of managers and coaches are under the average. When we examine the second questionnaire consisting of health, physical condition, tension caused by stress; it is seen that negative effects of these factors increase. At last; according to the depressed mood at work questionnaire which evaluates the physiological conditions related to stress; it’s found out that both managers and coaches aren’t satisfied with their working atmosphere and managers’ unhappiness levels are higher than coaches are

Double Marginalized Lives as Woman and as Refugee: Syrian Female Refugees in Ankara

Este tesis establece cómo las refugiadas sirias son social, económica, cultural, étnica y sexualmente marginadas y lo que piensan acerca de los eventos en curso, su estado y los pasos que el gobierno y las ONGs han tomado hasta ahora para dar soluciones a la invisibilización de las mujeres en la esfera pública. Para ello, he llevado a cabo esta investigación en los suburbios de Ankara con un grupo de refugiadas sirias que están socialmente excluidas como “mujer'” y como “refugiada” y con un grupo de mujeres locales. La atención se centrará en la relación entre los discursos producidos en la sociedad de acogida y la exclusión social de las refugiadas sirias. Cabe señalar que la fuente de los discursos podría diferenciarse en términos de un gran número de factores como la opinión política, los antecedentes culturales, la posición socioeconómica, el género, la edad, la pobreza, el nivel educativo, la afiliación religiosa y las experiencias personales. En cuanto a los aspectos de género en la exclusión social de las refugiadas sirias, vemos que incluso las mujeres locales usan el discurso patriarcal para discriminar a las refugiadas. La cosificación de las mujeres sirias y sus cuerpos por su propia cultura es criticada por las mujeres locales que están subordinadas a la estructura de la sociedad patriarcal en la que viven. Otro ámbito del estudio es analizar cuán poderosos son estos discursos en la sociedad de acogida y cómo las refugiadas sirias y las mujeres locales se ven afectadas por ellos. Su objetivo es establecer una relación de causa y efecto de la exclusión social de las mujeres sirias con respecto al análisis del discurso como crítica social. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, la parte principal del estudio consiste en el análisis del discurso foucauldiano. Éste se usa para comprender la interseccionalidad de la discriminación y la invisibilización de las refugiadas sirias. La relación entre los discursos está subrayada, ya que hay muchos discursos que contrastan sobre los objetos y eventos que se beneficiaron del enfoque genealógico. Además del análisis del discurso de foucauldiano, este documento también examina los discursos discriminatorios hacia los refugiados sirios en Facebook y en los principales medios de comunicación impresos turcos siguiendo el análisis crítico del discurso de Van Dijk. Palabras clave: exclusión social de las refugiadas Sirias en Ankara, análisis del discurso, Análisis Crítico del Discurso, Facebook, medios de comunicación impresos.This thesis lays down how Syrian female refugees are socially, economically, culturally, ethnically and sexually marginalized and what they think about the ongoing events, their status and the steps the government and NGO’s have taken so far in order to produce solutions for women’s invisibilization in the public sphere. Hereby, I have conducted this research in suburbs around Ankara with a group of Syrian female refugees who are socially excluded as ‘‘woman’’ and ‘‘refugee’’ and the local women. The focus will be on the relation between the discourses produced in the host society and the social exclusion of Syrian female refugees. It should be noted that the source of the discourses could be differentiated in terms of a large number of factors such as political opinion, cultural background, socio-economic position, gender, age, poverty, education level, religious affiliation and personal experiences. As for the gender aspects in social exclusion of Syrian female refugees, we see that even local women use patriarchal discourse to discriminate the refugees. The objectification of Syrian women and their bodies by their own culture are criticized by local women who are subordinated by the structure of the patriarchal society they live in. Another scope of the study is to analyze how powerful these discourses are in the host society and how the Syrian female refugees and local women are affected. It is aimed to establish a cause and effect relationship of the social exclusion of Syrian women regarding discourse analysis as social critique. To carry out the research, Foucauldian discourse analysis consists of the main part of the study. It is used to understand the intersectionality of discrimination and invisibilization of Syrian female refugees. The relationship between the discourses are underlined, as there are many contrasting discourses about the objects and events that benefited from the genealogical approach. Apart from the Foucauldian discourse analysis, this paper also examines the discriminatory discourses towards Syrian refugees on Facebook and in Turkish printed mainstream media by following Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis. Keywords: Social exclusion of Syrian female refugees in Ankara, Discourse Analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis, Facebook, printed mainstream media

Foot morphology of Turkish football players according to foot preference

Football is the most popular sport in the world. Foot morphology and foot preference are important factors in football player’s performance. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the foot morphology of elite football players with different foot preferences. 407 male football players participated in this study. 328 of them preferred their right foot, while 79 of them preferred the left one. Eleven anthropometric measurements were taken from each foot with standard anthropometric methods. Foot length, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 lengths, foot circumference of right and left feet and right foot width of right foot preference group were higher than those of left foot preference group, which is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Left foot measurements of right foot preference group were interestingly higher than those of the right side. It was suggested that these data may be useful to define the foot morphology of elite football players.Key words: Foot morphology, football, measurements