Respuesta inflamatoria del tejido de la pulpa dental humana producida por caries

Introduction: Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resultingfrom the penetration of oral bacteria into tooth hard tissues.Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responsesin the dental pulp and the stem cells provide a source of cells toreplace the damaged cells and facilitate repair. These events canlead to pulp healing if the infection is not too severe and treatedin a short time. Remaining pulpal pathosis in severe form withouttreatment induces permanent loss of normal tissue due to limitedrepair capacities in response to large damage. The importanceof the depth of inflammation has been underestimated in pulpalhealing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pulp tissueresponse to dental caries and to find out the association of differentdistributions of the inflammatory characteristics among a differentdepth of dental caries. Materials and Methods: Pulp tissue sampleswere collected from 118 extracted teeth from the Privet dental clinicsand dental health centers in Duhok government, from April/ 2016 toAugust/ 2017 (16 months period). Each section prepared and stainedwith hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis, calcification, and necrosis were the main features that have beenexamined histopathologically and assessed with the presence of dentalcaries at a different depth. Results and Discussion: Inflammatoryfeatures were identified in 88 of the samples examined. Inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were the most frequent features amongthe deep caries teeth compared to the shallow caries teeth. Single andgroup of calcification were observed in 57 samples, most of them (48samples) were in deep caries sections. Conclusion: the histopathological observations of pulp tissue in response to caries process provideuseful information for the clinical aspect and how to decide and selectthe best strategy in the treatment of dental caries at a different depthto preserve the pulp tissue vitality for a longer time, and strength ofthe tooth hard tissue will maintain

Survey of Ultrasonic Grain Noise Characteristics in Jet Engine Titanium

In ultrasonic inspections of titanium billets and forgings, grain noise echoes are routinely observed. These arise from the scattering of the incident sound beam by the metal microstructure, and can limit the detection of small or subtle defects. We report on a survey of grain noise characteristics in fourteen billet and forging specimens supplied by aircraft engine manufacturers. All specimens were examined in a similar manner using a 5-MHz focussed transducer, with pulse/echo noise measurements made through three orthogonal sides of each specimen. Emphasis is placed on describing two related probability density functions (PDF’s) which characterize aspects of the backscattered noise seen in a scanning experiment. The first PDF describes the RF noise voltages seen at a fixed observation time t; the second describes the gated peak-to-peak noise voltages seen for time gates of various durations. The PDF for the RF noise voltages is expected to be Gaussian if a large number (\u3e10) of grains contribute appreciably to the noise at time t [1], but non-Gaussian behavior is seen in some specimens. The use of K-distributions to describe the non-Gaussian cases is examined. This work is in support of efforts described in a companion article [2] to develop methods for predicting gated peak noise (GPN) distributions

Coupling Microstructure Outputs of Process Models to Ultrasonic Inspectability Predictions

The efforts of the materials community can be characterized as the study of the relationship of processing, structure, properties and performance, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Added, in parentheses, are quantities of importance when these ideas are applied to ultrasonic NDE. It would be highly desirable if one could start from models of processes such as rolling, casting and extrusion; predict the microstructural features produced, such as grain size or shape, texture (preferred grain orientation), or the two-point correlation of elastic constants (to be discussed later); predict the resulting ultrasonic properties such as velocity v, attenuation a and backscattering coefficient η; and ultimately determine the inspectability of the part. Such a capability would allow NDE to be considered explicitly during the selection of material processing procedures

Comprehension of passives in Persian speaking children with ASD : an investigation of grammar in autism

Most research on the underlying causes of social and communicative impairment in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been devoted to pragmatic aspects of language. The present research is exploring the syntactic knowledge as a probable underlying mechanism of language deficit in ASD. Three groups comprising high-functioning ASD, low-functioning ASD, and typically developing 5-year-old Persian-speaking children were tested on comprehension of passive sentences. Results suggest that while low-functioning children with ASD might be impaired in the area of grammar, high-functioning children with ASD are not. The new results are compared to those of two recent studies on comprehension of passives in Greek-speaking and English-speaking subjects with ASD (Perovic et al., 2007; Terzi, et al., to appear)

Association of Polymorphisms of Serotonin Transporter (5HTTLPR) and 5-HT2C Receptor Genes with Criminal Behavior in Russian Criminal Offenders

Background: Human aggression is a heterogeneous behavior with biological, psychological, and social backgrounds. As the biological mechanisms that regulate aggression are components of both reward-seeking and adversity-fleeing behavior, these phenomena are difficult to disentangle into separate neurochemical processes. Nevertheless, evidence exists linking some forms of ag

Interaction of ultrasound with imperfectly contacting interfaces

The need to characterize imperfectly contacting interfaces is encountered in a wide variety of scientific and engineering problems, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Parts (a)–(c) illustrate the stages of diffusion bonding, [1,2] in which the condition of the interface evolves from one of isolated contacts at the initial stages of bonding through one containing distributed micropores, which exist during intermediate stages, to a state in which the material is fully bonded but in which there may be some near-interface microstructural variations. The ability to determine the degree to which bonding has passed through these conditions is presently needed in NDE of products after manufacturing and could be extended to process control if appropriate in-situ sensors were available. Part (d) illustrates the partial contact that can occur during fatigue crack growth [3]. Ideally, one might think of the surfaces of the fatigue crack as being free of stress. However, plastic deformation of ligaments during the failure process, motion of oxide debris, and shearing of the two faces of the crack can all lead isolated regions of contact along the crack face. These contacts are important in the fracture process since they can influence the loads which act on the tip of the crack during fatigue. From the NDE perspective, they can influence the strength of an ultrasonic signal which might be scattered by the crack. Part (e) illustrates a classical problem in tribology. Knowledge of the true area of contact between two surfaces is an essential ingredient in relating macroscopic variables such as applied force to the microscopic force and deformation distributions that exist at the interface [4]. Finally, as shown in part (f), interface design is an important aspect of the development of advanced engineering materials such as composites. It is often desirable to control the mechanical behavior of the interface is such a way that the overall response of the material is optimized, and the presence of pores, precipitates or other impurities may play an important role in controlling this interface behavior. Nondestructive characterization of such interfacial conditions is important in both ensuring the quality of material after fabrication and in assessing the degree to which service induced damage has occurred

Effect of Texture on Ultrasonic Backscattering Coefficient in Pure Titanium Plate

Ultrasonic grain noise is one of the important factors which limit the detectability of small defects. The intensity of the grain noise may be represented by the ultrasonic backscattering coefficient which directly relates microstructure to the grain noise intensity. Various microstructures affect the backscattering coefficient, as reported in previous volumes of this series of proceedings1–3. In the present article, the effect of texture will be quantitatively discussed.</p

Genetic association study of QT interval highlights role for calcium signaling pathways in myocardial repolarization.

The QT interval, an electrocardiographic measure reflecting myocardial repolarization, is a heritable trait. QT prolongation is a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) and could indicate the presence of the potentially lethal mendelian long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Using a genome-wide association and replication study in up to 100,000 individuals, we identified 35 common variant loci associated with QT interval that collectively explain ∼8-10% of QT-interval variation and highlight the importance of calcium regulation in myocardial repolarization. Rare variant analysis of 6 new QT interval-associated loci in 298 unrelated probands with LQTS identified coding variants not found in controls but of uncertain causality and therefore requiring validation. Several newly identified loci encode proteins that physically interact with other recognized repolarization proteins. Our integration of common variant association, expression and orthogonal protein-protein interaction screens provides new insights into cardiac electrophysiology and identifies new candidate genes for ventricular arrhythmias, LQTS and SCD