Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Ctl (Contextual Teaching and Learning) Terhadap Motivasi Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa SMKN 1 Sidoarjo

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik dengan menerapkan modelpembelajaran kontekstual (CTL) pada mata pelajaran muatan lokal (Autocad). Melalui penerapan modelpembelajaran kontekstual, sangat memungkinkan terciptanya suasana pembelajaran yang kondusif.Dengan adanay suasana belajar yang baru ini, kualitas pembelajaran dapat meningkat dan motivasibelajar peserta didik menjadi lebih baik.Peserta didik yang dijadikan objek dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas X TPm 1 dan 2, yangterdiri dari 72 peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian komparasi menggunakan analisis regresisederhana, peneliti menggunakan satu kelas sebagai kelas kontrol dan satu kelas lainnya sebagai kelaseksperimen. Dengan menggunakan metode CTL diharapkan bahwa ketuntasan belajar peserta didikmengalami peningkatan. Dalam penelitian ini, ketuntasan belajar peserta didik mencapai 83%.Untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan dalam penggunaan model pembelajaran kontekstual denganmodel pembelajaran konvensional, peneliti menggunakan uji homogenitas, normalitas dan uji T. Selainitu peneliti juga menggunakan uji regresi sederhana untuk mengetahui seberapa besar modelpembelajaran kontekstual terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik. Setelah dilakukan uji regresi sederhana,dapat dikemukakan bahwa model pembelajara CTL mempengaruhi 12% hasil peserta didik siswa kelas XTPm SMK Negeri 1 Sidoarjo. Sedangkan sisanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain seperti lingkungan,media pembelajaran, dukungan orang tua, sekolah dan lain sebagainya

Ion Acceleration in Multispecies Targets Driven by Intense Laser Radiation Pressure

The acceleration of ions from ultrathin foils has been investigated by using 250 TW, subpicosecond laser pulses, focused to intensities of up to 3 X 10(20) W cm(-2). The ion spectra show the appearance of narrow-band features for protons and carbon ions peaked at higher energies (in the 5-10 MeV/nucleon range) and with significantly higher flux than previously reported. The spectral features and their scaling with laser and target parameters provide evidence of a multispecies scenario of radiation pressure acceleration in the light sail mode, as confirmed by analytical estimates and 2D particle-in-cell simulations. The scaling indicates that monoenergetic peaks with more than 100 MeV/nucleon are obtainable with moderate improvements of the target and laser characteristics, which are within reach of ongoing technical developments.</p

Association Between Serum Uric Acid and Development of Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) level and subsequent development of type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We searched Medline (31 March from 1966 to 2009) and Embase (31 March from 1980 to 2009) for observational cohort studies examining the association between SUA and the risk of type 2 diabetes by manual literature search. Relative risks (RRs) for each 1 mg/dl increase in SUA were pooled by using a random-effects model. The studies included were stratified into subgroups representing different study characteristics, and meta-regression analyses were performed to investigate the effect of these characteristics on the association between SUA level and type 2 diabetes risk.RESULTS The search yielded 11 cohort studies (42,834 participants) that reported 3,305 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during follow-up periods ranging from 2.0 to 13.5 years. The pooled RR of a 1 mg/dl increase in SUA was 1.17 (95% CI 1.09–1.25). Study results were consistently significant (i.e., >1) across characteristics of participants and study design. Publication bias was both visually and statistically suggested (P = 0.03 for Egger\u27s test, 0.06). Adjustment for publication bias attenuated the pooled RR per mg/dl increase in SUA (RR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03–1.20]), but the association remained statistically significant (P = 0.009).CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis suggests that SUA level is positively associated with the development of type 2 diabetes regardless of various study characteristics. Further research should attempt to determine whether it is effective to utilize SUA level as a predictor of type 2 diabetes for its primary prevention

Association between Insomnia Symptoms and Hemoglobin A1c Level in Japanese Men

Background: The evidence for an association between insomnia symptoms and blood hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level has been limited and inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess whether each symptom of initial, middle, and terminal insomnia influences HbA 1c level in Japanese men. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 1,022 male workers aged 22–69 years with no history of diabetes at a Japanese company’s annual health check-up in April 2010. High HbA1c was defined as a blood level of HbA1c $6.0%. Three types of insomnia symptoms (i.e., difficulty in initiating sleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep, and early morning awakening) from the previous month were assessed by 3 responses (i.e., lasting more than 2 weeks, sometimes, and seldom or never [reference group]). Results: The overall prevalence of high HbA1c was 5.2%. High HbA1c was positively and linearly associated with both difficulty in maintaining sleep (P for trend =.002) and early morning awakening (P for trend =.007). More specifically, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, high HbA1c was significantly associated with difficulty in maintaining sleep lasting more than 2 weeks (adjusted odds ratio, 6.79 [95 % confidence interval, 1.86–24.85]) or sometimes (2.33 [1.19–4.55]). High HbA1c was also significantly associated with early morning awakening lasting more than 2 weeks (3.96 [1.24–12.59]). Conclusion: Insomnia symptoms, particularly difficulty in maintaining sleep and early morning awakening, were found t

Status of the LEP2 Spectrometer Project

The LEP spectrometer has been conceived to provide a determination of the beam energy with a relative accuracy of 10-4 in the LEP2 physics region where insufficient polarisation levels prevent the application of the resonant depolarisation method. The setup consists of a steel bending magnet flanked by a triplet of Beam Position Monitors (BPM) at each side providing a measurement of changes in the bending angle when the beams are accelerated to physics energies. The goal for a 100 ppm relative precision on the beam energy involves a ± 1 micron BPM resolution and the calibration of the dipole bending strength to a 30 ppm accuracy. This paper reports on the results of the commissioning of the Spectrometer during the 1999 LEP Run and on the experience acquired on the behaviour of the several sub-systems with circulating beams

Some Rare Indo-Pacific Coral Species Are Probable Hybrids

Background: coral reefs worldwide face a variety of threats and many coral species are increasingly endangered. It is often assumed that rare coral species face higher risks of extinction because they have very small effective population sizes, a predicted consequence of which is decreased genetic diversity and adaptive potential.\ud \ud Methodology/Principal Findings: here we show that some Indo-Pacific members of the coral genus Acropora have very small global population sizes and are likely to be unidirectional hybrids. Whether this reflects hybrid origins or secondary hybridization following speciation is unclear.\ud \ud Conclusions/Significance: the interspecific gene flow demonstrated here implies increased genetic diversity and adaptive potential in these coral species. Rare Acropora species may therefore be less vulnerable to extinction than has often been assumed because of their propensity for hybridization and introgression, which may increase their adaptive potential

Between-Population Outbreeding Affects Plant Defence

Between-population crosses may replenish genetic variation of populations, but may also result in outbreeding depression. Apart from direct effects on plant fitness, these outbreeding effects can also alter plant-herbivore interactions by influencing plant tolerance and resistance to herbivory. We investigated effects of experimental within- and between-population outbreeding on herbivore resistance, tolerance and plant fitness using plants from 13 to 19 Lychnis flos-cuculi populations. We found no evidence for outbreeding depression in resistance reflected by the amount of leaf area consumed. However, herbivore performance was greater when fed on plants from between-population compared to within-population crosses. This can reflect outbreeding depression in resistance and/or outbreeding effects on plant quality for the herbivores. The effects of type of cross on the relationship between herbivore damage and plant fitness varied among populations. This demonstrates how between-population outbreeding effects on tolerance range from outbreeding depression to outbreeding benefits among plant populations. Finally, herbivore damage strengthened the observed outbreeding effects on plant fitness in several populations. These results raise novel considerations on the impact of outbreeding on the joint evolution of resistance and tolerance, and on the evolution of multiple defence strategies

Feline Leukemia Virus and Other Pathogens as Important Threats to the Survival of the Critically Endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus)

BACKGROUND: The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is considered the most endangered felid species in the world. In order to save this species, the Spanish authorities implemented a captive breeding program recruiting lynxes from the wild. In this context, a retrospective survey on prevalence of selected feline pathogens in free-ranging lynxes was initiated. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We systematically analyzed the prevalence and importance of seven viral, one protozoan (Cytauxzoon felis), and several bacterial (e.g., hemotropic mycoplasma) infections in 77 of approximately 200 remaining free-ranging Iberian lynxes of the Doñana and Sierra Morena areas, in Southern Spain, between 2003 and 2007. With the exception of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), evidence of infection by all tested feline pathogens was found in Iberian lynxes. Fourteen lynxes were feline leukemia virus (FeLV) provirus-positive; eleven of these were antigenemic (FeLV p27 positive). All 14 animals tested negative for other viral infections. During a six-month period in 2007, six of the provirus-positive antigenemic lynxes died. Infection with FeLV but not with other infectious agents was associated with mortality (p<0.001). Sequencing of the FeLV surface glycoprotein gene revealed a common origin for ten of the eleven samples. The ten sequences were closely related to FeLV-A/61E, originally isolated from cats in the USA. Endogenous FeLV sequences were not detected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: It was concluded that the FeLV infection most likely originated from domestic cats invading the lynx's habitats. Data available regarding the time frame, co-infections, and outcome of FeLV-infections suggest that, in contrast to the domestic cat, the FeLV strain affecting the lynxes in 2007 is highly virulent to this species. Our data argue strongly for vaccination of lynxes and domestic cats in and around lynx's habitats in order to prevent further spread of the virus as well as reduction the domestic cat population if the lynx population is to be maintained