Projections of air pollutant emissions and its impacts on regional air quality in China in 2020

Anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants in China influence not only local and regional environments but also the global atmospheric environment; therefore, it is important to understand how China's air pollutant emissions will change and how they will affect regional air quality in the future. Emission scenarios in 2020 were projected using forecasts of energy consumption and emission control strategies based on emissions in 2005, and on recent development plans for key industries in China. We developed four emission scenarios: REF[0] (current control legislations and implementation status), PC[0] (improvement of energy efficiencies and current environmental legislation), PC[1] (improvement of energy efficiencies and better implementation of environmental legislation), and PC[2] (improvement of energy efficiencies and strict environmental legislation). Under the REF[0] scenario, the emission of SO2, NOx, VOC and NH3 will increase by 17%, 50%, 49% and 18% in 2020, while PM10 emissions will be reduced by 10% over East China, compared to that in 2005. In PC[2], sustainable energy polices will reduce SO2, NOx and PM10 emissions by 4.1 Tg, 2.6 Tg and 1.8 Tg, respectively; better implementation of current control policies will reduce SO2, NOx and PM10 emission by 2.9 Tg, 1.8 Tg, and 1.4 Tg, respectively; strict emission standards will reduce SO2, NOx and PM10 emissions by 3.2 Tg, 3.9 Tg, and 1.7 Tg, respectively. Under the PC[2] scenario, SO2 and PM10 emissions will decrease by 18% and 38%, while NOx and VOC emissions will increase by 3% and 8%, compared to that in 2005. Future air quality in China was simulated using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ). Under RE[0] emissions, compared to 2005, the surface concentrations of SO2, NO2, hourly maximum ozone in summer, PM2.5, total sulfur and nitrogen depositions will increase by 28%, 41%, 8%, 8%, 19% and 25%, respectively, over east China. Under the PC[2] emission scenario, the surface concentrations of SO2, M2.5, total sulfur depositions will decrease by 18%, 16% and 15%, respectively, and the surface concentrations of NO2, nitrate, hourly maximum ozone in summer, total nitrogen depositions will be kept as 2005 level, over east China. The individual impacts of SO2, NOx, NH3, NMVOC and primary PM emission changes on ozone and PM.5 concentrations have been analyzed using sensitivity analysis. The results suggest that NOx emission control need to be enhanced during the summertime to obtain both ozone and PM2.5 reduction benefits. NH3 emission controls should also be considered in order to reduce both nitrate concentration and total nitrogen deposition in the future

The Localization of ss-Wave and Quantum Effective Potential of a Quasi-Free Particle with Position-Dependent Mass

The properties of the s-wave for a quasi-free particle with position-dependent mass(PDM) have been discussed in details. Differed from the system with constant mass in which the localization of the s-wave for the free quantum particle around the origin only occurs in two dimensions, the quasi-free particle with PDM can experience attractive forces in $D$ dimensions except D=1 when its mass function satisfies some conditions. The effective mass of a particle varying with its position can induce effective interaction which may be attractive in some cases. The analytical expressions of the eigenfunctions and the corresponding probability densities for the s-waves of the two- and three-dimensional systems with a special PDM are given, and the existences of localization around the origin for these systems are shown.Comment: 12pages, 8 figure

Mass measurements of neutron-deficient Y, Zr, and Nb isotopes and their impact on rp and νp nucleosynthesis processes

© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This manuscript is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). For further details please see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Using isochronous mass spectrometry at the experimental storage ring CSRe in Lanzhou, the masses of 82Zr and 84Nb were measured for the first time with an uncertainty of ∼10 keV, and the masses of 79Y, 81Zr, and 83Nb were re-determined with a higher precision. The latter are significantly less bound than their literature values. Our new and accurate masses remove the irregularities of the mass surface in this region of the nuclear chart. Our results do not support the predicted island of pronounced low α separation energies for neutron-deficient Mo and Tc isotopes, making the formation of Zr–Nb cycle in the rp-process unlikely. The new proton separation energy of 83Nb was determined to be 490(400) keV smaller than that in the Atomic Mass Evaluation 2012. This partly removes the overproduction of the p-nucleus 84Sr relative to the neutron-deficient molybdenum isotopes in the previous νp-process simulations.Peer reviewe

Dynamic magnetoelastic properties of TbxHo0.9−xNd0.1(Fe0.8Co0.2)1.93/epoxy composites

TbxHo0.9−xNd0.1(Fe0.8Co0.2)1.93/epoxy (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.40) composites are fabricated in the presence of a magnetic field. The structural and dynamic magnetoelastic properties are investigated as a function of both magnetic bias field Hbias and frequency f at room temperature. The composites are formed as textured orientation structure of 1–3 type with 〈1 0 0〉 preferred orientation for x ⩽ 0.10 and 〈1 1 1〉-orientation for x ⩾ 0.25. The composites generally possess insignificant eddy-current losses for frequency up to 50 kHz, and their dynamic magnetoelastic properties depend greatly on Hbias. The elastic modulus (E3H and E3B) shows a maximum negative ΔE effect, along with a maximum d33, at a relatively low Hbias ~ 80 kA/m, contributed by the maximum motion of non-180° domain-wall. The 1–3 type composite for x ⩾ 0.25 shows an enhanced magnetoelastic effect in comparison with 0 to 3 type one, which can be principally ascribed to its easy magnetization direction (EMD) towards 〈1 1 1〉 axis and the formation of 〈1 1 1〉-texture-oriented structure in the composite. These attractive dynamic magnetoelastic properties, e.g., the low magnetic anisotropy and d33,max as high as 2.0 nm/A at a low Hbias ~ 80 kA/m, along with the light rare-earth Nd element existing in insulating polymer matrix, would make it a promising magnetostrictive material system

Spatial-temporal characteristics of chlorophyll a concentration in the Sanya Bay of China

The present study investigated the spatial-temporal characteristics of chlorophyll a (chl-a) concentration in Sanya Bay by shipboard survey data at 12 stations from 2006 to 2008, and discussed the relationship between chl-a distribution and influential factors using MODIS sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface wind (SSW) and rainwater runoff data. Results showed that the chl-a concentration in Sanya Bay ranged from 0.30 to 13.58 mg·m-3, the average concentration and standard deviation (SD) were 1.49 mg·m -3 and 1.74 mg·m-3 respectively. The chl-a showed a decreased tendency from estuary to offshore, and a decreased trends with the depth increased in the estuary of Sanya River, whereas indicated increased trends in the area offshore. In the river mouth, the relative higher value appeared in autumn. But in the zone offshore, the relative lower value appeared in spring. Summer had a obvious stratification vertically. This changes were associated with environmental factors changes in this area, such as the seasonal monsoon and nutrients from rainfall runoff. © 2010 IEEE