34 research outputs found

    Six1 homeoprotein drives myofiber type IIA specialization in soleus muscle

    Get PDF
    International audienceAbstractBackgroundAdult skeletal muscles are composed of slow and fast myofiber subtypes which each express selective genes required for their specific contractile and metabolic activity. Six homeoproteins are transcription factors regulating muscle cell fate through activation of myogenic regulatory factors and driving fast-type gene expression during embryogenesis.ResultsWe show here that Six1 protein accumulates more robustly in the nuclei of adult fast-type muscles than in adult slow-type muscles, this specific enrichment takes place during perinatal growth. Deletion of Six1 in soleus impaired fast-type myofiber specialization during perinatal development, resulting in a slow phenotype and a complete lack of Myosin heavy chain 2A (MyHCIIA) expression. Global transcriptomic analysis of wild-type and Six1 mutant myofibers identified the gene networks controlled by Six1 in adult soleus muscle. This analysis showed that Six1 is required for the expression of numerous genes encoding fast-type sarcomeric proteins, glycolytic enzymes and controlling intracellular calcium homeostasis. Parvalbumin, a key player of calcium buffering, in particular, is a direct target of Six1 in the adult myofiber.ConclusionsThis analysis revealed that Six1 controls distinct aspects of adult muscle physiology in vivo, and acts as a main determinant of fast-fiber type acquisition and maintenance

    Signals from the brain and olfactory epithelium control shaping of the mammalian nasal capsule cartilage

    Get PDF
    Facial shape is the basis for facial recognition and categorization. Facial features reflect the underlying geometry of the skeletal structures. Here, we reveal that cartilaginous nasal capsule (corresponding to upper jaw and face) is shaped by signals generated by neural structures: brain and olfactory epithelium. Brain-derived Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) enables the induction of nasal septum and posterior nasal capsule, whereas the formation of a capsule roof is controlled by signals from the olfactory epithelium. Unexpectedly, the cartilage of the nasal capsule turned out to be important for shaping membranous facial bones during development. This suggests that conserved neurosensory structures could benefit from protection and have evolved signals inducing cranial cartilages encasing them. Experiments with mutant mice revealed that the genomic regulatory regions controlling production of SHH in the nervous system contribute to facial cartilage morphogenesis, which might be a mechanism responsible for the adaptive evolution of animal faces and snouts

    Rôle des homéoprotéines SIX dans les progéniteurs myogéniques au cours du développement musculaire

    No full text
    SIX homeoproteins are encoded by the Sine oculis homeobox related genes Six1 to Six6 in vertebrates among which Six1, Six2, Six4 and Six5 are expressed in the muscle lineage. Whereas Six1 and Six4 are required for hypaxial myogenesis, double KO for those two genes (s1s4KO) still form their epaxial and craniofacial muscles. We further characterized the phenotype of compound Six mutant embryos and showed that the absence of Six1 and Six2 completely impairs craniofacial myogenesis and worsen muscle limb development observed in single Six1 mutants. We also showed that mouse fetuses devoid of SIX1, SIX2, SIX4 and SIX5 activity are still able to develop epaxial muscles, but that Pax7 expression in myogenic progenitors of these mutants is reduced and intermingled with Myogenin expression. While s1s4KO fetuses still develop epaxial muscles, their PAX7+ cells show a perturbed homing process into their niche, between the plasma membrane of a myofibre and the basal lamina surrounding it. Transcriptomic analysis, transplantation experiments and in vitro studies allowed us to conclude that the homing of PAX7+ cells into their niche during fetal myogenesis requires an adequate environment combining properties of the myofibers and the PAX7+ cells; environment disturbed in s1s4KO epaxial muscles. Transplantation experiments also led us to conclude that Six1 and Six4 are required for proper myofiber re-inervation after injury and for the establishment of the fast phenotype of myofibers. Furthermore, muscles transplanted with s1s4KO fetal PAX7+ cells after injury are formed of numerous and tiny myofibers. We could link this phenotype to the behavior of s1s4KO cells in vitro where they showed perturbed fusion. Finally, SIX homeoproteins require co-factors to induce their target genes expression, as EYA proteins encoded by Eya1 to Eya4 in vertebrates. Eya3 and Eya4 are strongly expressed in satellite cells during regeneration, cells in which Six1 is also required for proper muscle repair. We investigated muscle regeneration in absence of Eya3 expression and observed no obvious phenotype. We concluded that Eya3 is not required for muscle regeneration but that other Eya genes might compensate its function in KO mouse. To conclude, Six1 and Six2 are required for craniofacial myogenesis and Six1 and Six4 for hypaxial myogenesis and for the establishment of a proper environment allowing myofibre maturation and PAX7+ cells homing during fetal epaxial myogenesis and enabling myofibre growth and re-innervation after injury. The role of the collaboration between SIX and EYA proteins during myogenesis still needs more investigation.Les homéoprotéines SIX sont codées par les gènes Sine oculis homeobox related genes Six1 à Six6 chez les vertébrés parmi lesquels Six1, Six2, Six4 et Six5 sont exprimés dans le lignage myogénique. Bien que Six1 et Six4 soient requis pour la myogenèse hypaxiale, les animaux doubles KO pour ces deux gènes (s1s4KO) forment leurs muscles épaxiaux et craniofaciaux. Nous avons caractérisé le phénotype de mutants composites des gènes Six et avons montré que l’absence de Six1 et Six2 empêchait la formation des muscles craniofaciaux et empirait les défauts de formation des muscles des membres observés chez les fœtus mutants pour Six1. Nous avons aussi observé que les fœtus dépourvus d’activité de SIX1, SIX2, SIX4 et SIX5 étaient toujours capables de former leurs muscles épaxiaux, mais que l’expression de Pax7 dans leurs progéniteurs myogéniques était fortement diminuée et mêlée à l’expression de Myogénine. Alors que les fœtus s1s4KO forment des muscles épaxiaux, leurs cellules PAX7+ ont un défaut de nichage entre la membrane plasmique des myofibres et la lame basale qui les entoure. Nos analyses transcriptomiques, nos expériences de transplantation et nos études in vitro nous ont permis de conclure que le nichage des cellules PAX7+ nécessitait un environnement adéquat combinant des propriétés des myofibres et des cellules PAX7+ ; environnement perturbé dans les muscles épaxiaux s1s4KO. Nos expériences de transplantation nous ont aussi permis de conclure que Six1 et Six4 étaient requis pour une bonne ré-innervation des myofibres après blessure et pour la mise en place du phénotype rapide de ces myofibres. De plus, les muscles transplantés avec des cellules PAX7+ fœtales s1s4KO après blessure se reforment d’un grand nombre de petites myofibres. Nous avons pu relier ce phénotype au comportement des cellules s1s4KO in vitro où elles montrent un défaut de fusion. Enfin, les homéoprotéines SIX ont besoin de co-facteurs pour induire l’expression de leurs gènes cibles, tels que les protéines EYA codées par les gènes Eya1 à Eya4 chez les vertébrés. Eya3 et Eya4 sont fortement exprimés dans les cellules satellite au cours de la régénération, cellules qui requièrent aussi Six1 pour une réparation musculaire efficace. Nous avons étudié la régénération musculaire en absence d’expression d’Eya3 et n’avons pas observé de défaut nous menant à la conclusion qu’Eya3 n’est pas requis pour la régénération musculaire adulte, mais que sa perte d’expression était peut-être compensée par un autre gène Eya chez les animaux mutants. Pour conclure, Six1 et Six2 sont indispensables à la formation des muscles craniofaciaux, et Six1 et Six4 sont requis pour la myogenèse hypaxiale, et pour l’établissement d’un environnement propice à la maturation des myofibres fœtales et au nichage des cellules PAX7+ au cours de la myogenèse épaxiale, et permettant la croissance des myofibres et leur ré-innervation après blessure. La collaboration des protéines SIX avec leurs co-facteurs EYA au cours de la myogenèse nécessite d’autres études pour mieux définir leurs fonctions

    Role of SIX homeoproteins in myogenic progenitors during muscle development

    No full text
    Les homéoprotéines SIX sont codées par les gènes Sine oculis homeobox related genes Six1 à Six6 chez les vertébrés parmi lesquels Six1, Six2, Six4 et Six5 sont exprimés dans le lignage myogénique. Bien que Six1 et Six4 soient requis pour la myogenèse hypaxiale, les animaux doubles KO pour ces deux gènes (s1s4KO) forment leurs muscles épaxiaux et craniofaciaux. Nous avons caractérisé le phénotype de mutants composites des gènes Six et avons montré que l’absence de Six1 et Six2 empêchait la formation des muscles craniofaciaux et empirait les défauts de formation des muscles des membres observés chez les fœtus mutants pour Six1. Nous avons aussi observé que les fœtus dépourvus d’activité de SIX1, SIX2, SIX4 et SIX5 étaient toujours capables de former leurs muscles épaxiaux, mais que l’expression de Pax7 dans leurs progéniteurs myogéniques était fortement diminuée et mêlée à l’expression de Myogénine. Alors que les fœtus s1s4KO forment des muscles épaxiaux, leurs cellules PAX7+ ont un défaut de nichage entre la membrane plasmique des myofibres et la lame basale qui les entoure. Nos analyses transcriptomiques, nos expériences de transplantation et nos études in vitro nous ont permis de conclure que le nichage des cellules PAX7+ nécessitait un environnement adéquat combinant des propriétés des myofibres et des cellules PAX7+ ; environnement perturbé dans les muscles épaxiaux s1s4KO. Nos expériences de transplantation nous ont aussi permis de conclure que Six1 et Six4 étaient requis pour une bonne ré-innervation des myofibres après blessure et pour la mise en place du phénotype rapide de ces myofibres. De plus, les muscles transplantés avec des cellules PAX7+ fœtales s1s4KO après blessure se reforment d’un grand nombre de petites myofibres. Nous avons pu relier ce phénotype au comportement des cellules s1s4KO in vitro où elles montrent un défaut de fusion. Enfin, les homéoprotéines SIX ont besoin de co-facteurs pour induire l’expression de leurs gènes cibles, tels que les protéines EYA codées par les gènes Eya1 à Eya4 chez les vertébrés. Eya3 et Eya4 sont fortement exprimés dans les cellules satellite au cours de la régénération, cellules qui requièrent aussi Six1 pour une réparation musculaire efficace. Nous avons étudié la régénération musculaire en absence d’expression d’Eya3 et n’avons pas observé de défaut nous menant à la conclusion qu’Eya3 n’est pas requis pour la régénération musculaire adulte, mais que sa perte d’expression était peut-être compensée par un autre gène Eya chez les animaux mutants. Pour conclure, Six1 et Six2 sont indispensables à la formation des muscles craniofaciaux, et Six1 et Six4 sont requis pour la myogenèse hypaxiale, et pour l’établissement d’un environnement propice à la maturation des myofibres fœtales et au nichage des cellules PAX7+ au cours de la myogenèse épaxiale, et permettant la croissance des myofibres et leur ré-innervation après blessure. La collaboration des protéines SIX avec leurs co-facteurs EYA au cours de la myogenèse nécessite d’autres études pour mieux définir leurs fonctions.SIX homeoproteins are encoded by the Sine oculis homeobox related genes Six1 to Six6 in vertebrates among which Six1, Six2, Six4 and Six5 are expressed in the muscle lineage. Whereas Six1 and Six4 are required for hypaxial myogenesis, double KO for those two genes (s1s4KO) still form their epaxial and craniofacial muscles. We further characterized the phenotype of compound Six mutant embryos and showed that the absence of Six1 and Six2 completely impairs craniofacial myogenesis and worsen muscle limb development observed in single Six1 mutants. We also showed that mouse fetuses devoid of SIX1, SIX2, SIX4 and SIX5 activity are still able to develop epaxial muscles, but that Pax7 expression in myogenic progenitors of these mutants is reduced and intermingled with Myogenin expression. While s1s4KO fetuses still develop epaxial muscles, their PAX7+ cells show a perturbed homing process into their niche, between the plasma membrane of a myofibre and the basal lamina surrounding it. Transcriptomic analysis, transplantation experiments and in vitro studies allowed us to conclude that the homing of PAX7+ cells into their niche during fetal myogenesis requires an adequate environment combining properties of the myofibers and the PAX7+ cells; environment disturbed in s1s4KO epaxial muscles. Transplantation experiments also led us to conclude that Six1 and Six4 are required for proper myofiber re-inervation after injury and for the establishment of the fast phenotype of myofibers. Furthermore, muscles transplanted with s1s4KO fetal PAX7+ cells after injury are formed of numerous and tiny myofibers. We could link this phenotype to the behavior of s1s4KO cells in vitro where they showed perturbed fusion. Finally, SIX homeoproteins require co-factors to induce their target genes expression, as EYA proteins encoded by Eya1 to Eya4 in vertebrates. Eya3 and Eya4 are strongly expressed in satellite cells during regeneration, cells in which Six1 is also required for proper muscle repair. We investigated muscle regeneration in absence of Eya3 expression and observed no obvious phenotype. We concluded that Eya3 is not required for muscle regeneration but that other Eya genes might compensate its function in KO mouse. To conclude, Six1 and Six2 are required for craniofacial myogenesis and Six1 and Six4 for hypaxial myogenesis and for the establishment of a proper environment allowing myofibre maturation and PAX7+ cells homing during fetal epaxial myogenesis and enabling myofibre growth and re-innervation after injury. The role of the collaboration between SIX and EYA proteins during myogenesis still needs more investigation

    Dysregulation of core neurodevelopmental pathways : a common feature of cancers with perineural invasion

    No full text
    Background: High nerve density in tumors and metastasis via nerves (perineural invasion—PNI) have been reported extensively in solid tumors throughout the body including pancreatic, head and neck, gastric, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers. Ablation of tumor nerves results in improved disease outcomes, suggesting that blocking nerve–tumor communication could be a novel treatment strategy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this remain poorly understood. Thus, the aim here was to identify molecular pathways underlying nerve–tumor crosstalk and to determine common molecular features between PNI-associated cancers. Results: Analysis of head and neck (HNSCC), pancreatic, and gastric (STAD) cancer Gene Expression Omnibus datasets was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). This revealed extracellular matrix components as highly dysregulated. To enrich for pathways associated with PNI, genes previously correlated with PNI in STAD and in 2 HNSCC studies where tumor samples were segregated by PNI status were analyzed. Neurodevelopmental genes were found to be enriched with PNI. In datasets where tumor samples were not segregated by PNI, neurodevelopmental pathways accounted for 12%–16% of the DEGs. Further dysregulation of axon guidance genes was common to all cancers analyzed. By examining paralog genes, a clear pattern emerged where at least one family member from several axon guidance pathways was affected in all cancers examined. Overall 17 different axon guidance gene families were disrupted, including the ephrin–Eph, semaphorin–neuropilin/plexin, and slit–robo pathways. These findings were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas and cross-referenced to other cancers with a high incidence of PNI including colon, cholangiocarcinoma, prostate, and breast cancers. Survival analysis revealed that the expression levels of neurodevelopmental gene families impacted disease survival. Conclusion: These data highlight the importance of the tumor as a source of signals for neural tropism and neural plasticity as a common feature of cancer. The analysis supports the hypothesis that dysregulation of neurodevelopmental programs is a common feature associated with PNI. Furthermore, the data suggested that different cancers may have evolved to employ alternative genetic strategies to disrupt the same pathways. Overall, these findings provide potential druggable targets for novel therapies of cancer management and provide multi-cancer molecular biomarkers

    Robo2 Receptor Gates the Anatomical Divergence of Neurons Derived From a Common Precursor Origin

    Get PDF
    Sensory information relayed to the brain is dependent on complex, yet precise spatial organization of neurons. This anatomical complexity is generated during development from a surprisingly small number of neural stem cell domains. This raises the question of how neurons derived from a common precursor domain respond uniquely to their environment to elaborate correct spatial organization and connectivity. We addressed this question by exploiting genetically labeled mouse embryonic dorsal interneuron 1 (dI1) neurons that are derived from a common precursor domain and give rise to spinal projection neurons with distinct organization of cell bodies with axons projecting either commissurally (dI1c) or ipsilaterally (dI1i). In this study, we examined how the guidance receptor, Robo2, which is a canonical Robo receptor, influenced dI1 guidance during embryonic development. Robo2 was enriched in embryonic dI1i neurons, and loss of Robo2 resulted in misguidance of dI1i axons, whereas dI1c axons remained unperturbed within the mantle zone and ventral commissure. Further, Robo2 profoundly influenced dI1 cell body migration, a feature that was partly dependent on Slit2 signaling. These data suggest that dI1 neurons are dependent on Robo2 for their organization. This work integrated with the field support of a model whereby canonical Robo2 vs. non-canonical Robo3 receptor expression facilitates projection neurons derived from a common precursor domain to read out the tissue environment uniquely giving rise to correct anatomical organization

    Overlapping functions of SIX homeoproteins during embryonic myogenesis.

    No full text
    Four SIX homeoproteins display a combinatorial expression throughout embryonic developmental myogenesis and they modulate the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors. Here, we provide a deep characterization of their role in distinct mouse developmental territories. We showed, at the hypaxial level, that the Six1:Six4 double knockout (dKO) somitic precursor cells adopt a smooth muscle fate and lose their myogenic identity. At the epaxial level, we demonstrated by the analysis of Six quadruple KO (qKO) embryos, that SIX are required for fetal myogenesis, and for the maintenance of PAX7+ progenitor cells, which differentiated prematurely and are lost by the end of fetal development in qKO embryos. Finally, we showed that Six1 and Six2 are required to establish craniofacial myogenesis by controlling the expression of Myf5. We have thus described an unknown role for SIX proteins in the control of myogenesis at different embryonic levels and refined their involvement in the genetic cascades operating at the head level and in the genesis of myogenic stem cells

    Additional file 5: Figure S3. of Six1 homeoprotein drives myofiber type IIA specialization in soleus muscle

    No full text
    Gene coding for the glycolytic pathway and the Krebs cycle are represented. Genes whose expression is modified in cSix1 KO are indicated as red (up) or green (down). (PDF 281 kb
    corecore