Soft Sensors for Property-Controlled Multi-Stage Press Hardening of 22MnB5

In multi-stage press hardening, the product properties are determined by the thermo-mechanical history during the sequence of heat treatment and forming steps. To measure these properties and finally to control them by feedback, two soft sensors are developed in this work. The press hardening of 22MnB5 sheet material in a progressive die, where the material is first rapidly austenitized, then pre-cooled, stretch-formed, and finally die bent, serves as the framework for the development of these sensors. To provide feedback on the temporal and spatial temperature distribution, a soft sensor based on a model derived from the Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is presented. The model is extended to a parametric DMD and combined with a Kalman filter to estimate the temperature (-distribution) as a function of all process-relevant control variables. The soft sensor can estimate the temperature distribution based on local thermocouple measurements with an error of less than 10 °C during the process-relevant time steps. For the online prediction of the final microstructure, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based microstructure soft sensor is developed. As part of this, a transferable framework for deriving input parameters for the ANN based on the process route in multi-stage press hardening is presented, along with a method for developing a training database using a 1-element model implemented with LS-Dyna and utilizing the material model Mat248 (PHS_BMW). The developed ANN-based microstructure soft sensor can predict the final microstructure for specific regions of the formed and hardened sheet in a time span of far less than 1 s with a maximum deviation of a phase fraction of 1.8 % to a reference simulation

Effects of Tonality, Contour, Pitch Intervals, and Hemisphere on the Representation of Melodic Information

Tonality, contour, interval, and hemisphere are important predictors of melody recognition. Using forced-choice comparisons, listeners attempted to recognize the contour and interval information for diatonic and nondiatonic melodies presented to the left or right ear. For diatonic melodies, scale was more salient than contour whereas listeners relied on contour in nondiatonic melodies

Groundwater uranium origin and fate control in a river valley aquifer

Groundwater in a Quaternary gravel aquifer partly exhibits uranium (U) concentrations exceeding the new German drinking water limitation (22% of the samples >10 μg L–1). This study assesses relevant U reservoirs and hydrogeochemical processes responsible for U transfer between them. A large data set of solid materials (sediments and soils, 164 samples total) and groundwater (114 samples total) characteristics was created in terms of geo- and hydrochemistry, mineralogy, U microdistribution, and mobilization potential. Results show that U primarily derived from lignitic inclusions in Tertiary sediments is transported to and accumulated (complexation to organic substance and UO2 precipitation) in lowland moor peats of the river valley grown on the aquifer gravels. The alkaline character of the system predefines a hydrogeochemical framework fostering U mobility. Elevated concentrations (up to 96 μg L–1 U) occur downstream of the moor areas and under Mn/NO3-reducing groundwater conditions. Oxic and stronger reduced settings are rather little affected. Supporting previous laboratory studies, this suggests enhanced U mobility in the presence of nitrate also in the field scale. While no anthropogenic U input was detected in the study area, agricultural usage of the moor areas triggers geogenic U release via nitrate fertilization, surface peat degradation, and erosion

Utilisation de la photogrammétrie pour l’étude de la végétation riveraine

International audienceThis study presents the results of methodological tests in aerial photogrammetry with the objective of a diachronic survey of riparian vegetation in three dimensions, i.e. its spatial distribution and height. The study is undertaken at two complementary scales. The first one corresponds to a 10 km reach of the Allier river floodplain. At this scale, aerial photographs were taken from a small airplane. The second level of analysis corresponds to a wooded point bar located within the 10 km reach. At this scale, the photographs were taken from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Canopy height models (CHM) are produced at two scales of analysis. The accuracy of the CHMs is then analysed by comparison with vegetation height measurements collected during a filed campaign. The results show significant agreement for the models derived from two approaches, with an error of one meter at the floodplain scale and few centimetres at the bar scale. This variation in error is mainly due to different photographic resolutions. The two approaches appeared to be complementary. The first one is adequate for mapping vegetation structure at the floodplain scale, the second for mapping vegetation in smaller areas but at a higher resolution.Cette étude présente les résultats de tests méthodologiques réalisés en photogrammétrie aérienne avec pour objectif le suivi diachronique de la végétation riveraine dans ses trois dimensions, c’est-à-dire sa distribution spatiale et sa hauteur. L’étude est menée à deux échelles d’analyse. La première échelle est celle d’un tronçon longitudinal de 10 km de la plaine alluviale de la rivière Allier. À cette échelle de travail, un avion a été utilisé pour les prises de vue aérienne. La deuxième échelle d’analyse est celle d’un banc boisé, localisé dans la zone de 10 km. À cette échelle, la couverture photographique a été faite à l’aide d’un drone. Pour les deux objets d’étude des modèles de hauteur du couvert végétal (MHC) sont produits. La précision des MHC est ensuite vérifiée à partir de la mesure de la hauteur d’arbres sur le terrain. Les résultats révèlent une très bonne précision des modèles pour les deux approches, de l’ordre du mètre à l’échelle du tronçon de 10 km et de quelques centimètres à l’échelle du banc. Cette inégalité s’explique surtout par des résolutions photographiques différentes pour les deux missions. Il ressort de ce travail que les deux approches sont complémentaires. La première permet de cartographier la structure de la végétation à l’échelle de la plaine alluviale, la deuxième permet une cartographie de la végétation à plus haute résolution mais seulement à une échelle plus réduite

Physical Examination Variables Predict Response to Conservative Treatment of Nonchronic Plantar Fasciitis: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized, Placeboâ Controlled Footwear Study

BackgroundPlantar fasciitis is a common, disabling condition, and the prognosis of conservative treatment is difficult to predict.ObjectiveTo determine whether initial clinical findings could help predict patient response to conservative treatment that primarily consisted of supportive footwear and stretching.SettingPatients were recruited and seen at 2 outpatient podiatric clinics in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area.PatientsSeventyâ seven patients with nonchronic plantar fasciitis were recruited. Patients were excluded if they had a heel injection in the previous 6 months or were currently using custom foot orthoses at the time of screening. Sixtyâ nine patients completed the final followâ up visit 3 months after receiving the footwear intervention.MethodsTreatment failure was considered a <50% reduction in heel pain at 3 month followâ up. Logistic regression models evaluated the possible association between more than 30 clinical and physical examination findings prospectively assessed at enrollment, and treatment response.ResultsInability to dorsiflex the ankle past â 5° (odds ratio [OR] 3.9, P = .024), nonsevere (â ¤7 on ordinal scale) firstâ step pain (OR 3.8, P = .021), and heel valgus in relaxed stance (OR 4.0, P = .014) each predicted treatment failure in multivariable analysis (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve = .769). Limited ankle dorsiflexion also correlated with greater heel pain severity at initial presentation (r = â 0.312, P = .006).ConclusionsPatients with severe ankle equinus were nearly 4 times more likely to experience a favorable response to treatment centered on home Achilles tendon stretching and supportive therapy. Thus, earlier use of more advanced therapies may be most appropriate in those presenting without severe ankle equinus or without severe first step pain. The findings from our study may not be clinically intuitive because patients with less severe equinus and less severe pain at presentation did worse with conservative care.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146867/1/pmrj436.pd

Novel integrin endocytosis motif

Integrins are heterodimeric cell-surface adhesion molecules comprising one of 18 possible α-chains and one of eight possible β-chains. They control a range of cell functions in a matrix- and ligand-specific manner. Integrins can be internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) through β subunit-based motifs found in all integrin heterodimers. However, whether specific integrin heterodimers can be selectively endocytosed was unknown. Here, we found that a subset of α subunits contain an evolutionarily conserved and functional YxxΦ motif directing integrins to selective internalization by the most abundant endocytic clathrin adaptor, AP2. We determined the structure of the human integrin α4-tail motif in complex with the AP2 C-μ2 subunit and confirmed the interaction by isothermal titration calorimetry. Mutagenesis of the motif impaired selective heterodimer endocytosis and attenuated integrin-mediated cell migration. We propose that integrins evolved to enable selective integrin-receptor turnover in response to changing matrix conditions.We gratefully acknowledge the following funding sources: N.d.F. FinPharma Doctoral Program, Instrumentarium Foundation, Orion Research Foundation, Liv och Halsa foundation, Finsk-Norska Medicinska Stiftelsen and the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation; J.I. Academy of Finland CoE, European Research Council Consolidator Grant, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, The Finnish Heart Foundation and Finnish Cancer Organizations. DJO, AGW and TW are funded by Wellcome Trust fellowship 090909 (DJO).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3161