1,018 research outputs found
The Guinea Pig Club: Forces and factors that revolutionised burns plastic surgery
The âGuinea Pig Clubâ has been described as the most exclusive club in the world, but the entrance fee is something most men would care not to pay, and the conditions of membership are arduous in the extreme. The Guinea Pig Club was formed in July 1941 to support aircrew who were undergoing reconstructive plastic surgery after receiving burn injuries in the Second World War. This paper will explore the novel surgical techniques employed to treat the Guinea Pig Club members, their experiences at the hospital and their lives after the war and how Sir Archibald McIndoe and the Guinea Pig club members revolutionised burns plastic surgery as we know it today
Mobilité de sexe et réussite scolaire au collégial
Cet article porte sur la vérification de certaines hypothÚses relatives au lien entre sexe, identité de genre et réussite scolaire au collégial. Les chercheurs ont fait passer à tous les nouveaux inscrits au cégep d'Alma le questionnaire de BEM validé par Pelletier pour le Québec. Les résultats, exception faite de ce qui concerne les androgynes, semblent confirmer les hypothÚses: ils indiquent que c'est le sexe plus que l'identité de genre qui influence la réussite scolaire au collégial et ce sont les étudiantes qui connaissent une véritable « mobilité de sexe » qui réussissent le mieux. Plus qu'une simple prise de distance du message social (transcendance des rÎles sociaux de sexe), cette mobilité se traduit par une transgression de ce message social.This article examines various hypotheses describing the relationship between sex, gender identification and success at college. The authors administered the BEM questionnaire, validated in Quebec by Pelletier, to all newly enrolled students at Cegep Alma. The results show that except for androgynes, the hypotheses are confirmed: that sex more than gender identity influences success at college level; and that students who have "sexual mobility" have the highest success rate. This mobility seems to be manifested by a transgression of a social message which is more than a simple removal from this message ("transcendance of social sex roles").Este articulo estudia la verificacion de ciertas hipotesis sobre la relacion entre el sexo, la identidad del género y el éxito académico a nivel preuniversitario. Los investigadores aplicaron el cuestionario BEM, validado para el Québec por Pelletier, a todos los nuevos alumnos del colegio de Aima (Québec). Los resultados parecen confirmar que el sexo, mas que la identidad del género, tiene una influencia sobre el éxito académico a nivel preuniversitario excepto para androginos; y que los estudiantes con una verdadera "movilidad de sexo" obtienen un éxito mayor. Mas que un simple distanciamiento del mensaje social (la transcen-dencia de los papeles sociales del sexo), dicha movilidad se traduce en una transgresion de este mensaje social.Dieser Artikel behandelt die Verifikation gewisser Hypothesen beziiglich der Beziehung zwischen Geschlecht, sexueller Identità t und Leistung auf dem College. Die Forscher haben aile neue Schiller des College von Alma den von Bern eingefuhrten und von Pelletier fur Quebec validierten Fragebogen ausftillen lassen. Abgesehen von den Zwittern scheinen die Ergebnisse die Hypothesen zu bestùtigen: der Erfolg im College hùngt mehr vom Geschlecht ab als von der sexuellen Identità t; aufierdem haben die Schiilerinnen mit richtiger "geschlechtsbezogener Mobilitùt" den grÎssten Erfolg. Uber eine einfache Abstandnahme gegeniiber der sozialen Regel (Transzendenz der geschlechtsbezogenen sozialen Rollen-verteilung) hinausgehend wird diÚse Mobilitùt zu einer Ubertretung dieser sozialen Regel
why are surgical never events still occurring: A Delphi study research sample across NHS England operating theatres.
This paper examines the application of the Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) within NHS hospital operating theatres
England. The aim of the study, through a combination of open-ended questions, was to solicit specific information
including views and opinions from operating theatre experts to establish from how the World Health Organisations (WHO) SSC is being applied, and therefore and why intraoperative âNever Eventsâ continue to occur more than a decade after the SSC was introduced. Participants were from the seven regions identified by NHS England. The intention of this paper is not to establish definitively whether the quantitatively identified themes; including a lack of training and engagement with human factors explains the increased presence of intraoperative âNever Eventsâ. However, these themes, when subjected to methodological triangulation with the current literature, do appear consistent, and therefore provide an exploratory approach to inform research intended to improve safety in the operating theatre by informing policy and its application to safe practice ultimately towards quality improvements
Indication of insensitivity of planetary weathering behavior and habitable zone to surface land fraction
It is likely that unambiguous habitable zone terrestrial planets of unknown
water content will soon be discovered. Water content helps determine surface
land fraction, which influences planetary weathering behavior. This is
important because the silicate weathering feedback determines the width of the
habitable zone in space and time. Here a low-order model of weathering and
climate, useful for gaining qualitative understanding, is developed to examine
climate evolution for planets of various land-ocean fractions. It is pointed
out that, if seafloor weathering does not depend directly on surface
temperature, there can be no weathering-climate feedback on a waterworld. This
would dramatically narrow the habitable zone of a waterworld. Results from our
model indicate that weathering behavior does not depend strongly on land
fraction for partially ocean-covered planets. This is powerful because it
suggests that previous habitable zone theory is robust to changes in land
fraction, as long as there is some land. Finally, a mechanism is proposed for a
waterworld to prevent complete water loss during a moist greenhouse through
rapid weathering of exposed continents. This process is named a "waterworld
self-arrest," and it implies that waterworlds can go through a moist greenhouse
stage and end up as planets like Earth with partial ocean coverage. This work
stresses the importance of surface and geologic effects, in addition to the
usual incident stellar flux, for habitability.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, accepted at Ap
Increased insolation threshold for runaway greenhouse processes on Earth like planets
Because the solar luminosity increases over geological timescales, Earth
climate is expected to warm, increasing water evaporation which, in turn,
enhances the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Above a certain critical
insolation, this destabilizing greenhouse feedback can "runaway" until all the
oceans are evaporated. Through increases in stratospheric humidity, warming may
also cause oceans to escape to space before the runaway greenhouse occurs. The
critical insolation thresholds for these processes, however, remain uncertain
because they have so far been evaluated with unidimensional models that cannot
account for the dynamical and cloud feedback effects that are key stabilizing
features of Earth's climate. Here we use a 3D global climate model to show that
the threshold for the runaway greenhouse is about 375 W/m, significantly
higher than previously thought. Our model is specifically developed to quantify
the climate response of Earth-like planets to increased insolation in hot and
extremely moist atmospheres. In contrast with previous studies, we find that
clouds have a destabilizing feedback on the long term warming. However,
subsident, unsaturated regions created by the Hadley circulation have a
stabilizing effect that is strong enough to defer the runaway greenhouse limit
to higher insolation than inferred from 1D models. Furthermore, because of
wavelength-dependent radiative effects, the stratosphere remains cold and dry
enough to hamper atmospheric water escape, even at large fluxes. This has
strong implications for Venus early water history and extends the size of the
habitable zone around other stars.Comment: Published in Nature. Online publication date: December 12, 2013.
Accepted version before journal editing and with Supplementary Informatio
What Are the Real Procedural Costs of Bariatric Surgery? A Systematic Literature Review of Published Cost Analyses
This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer Verlag via the DOI in this recordThis review aims to evaluate the current literature on the procedural costs of bariatric surgery for the treatment of severe obesity. Using a published framework for the conduct of micro-costing studies for surgical interventions, existing cost estimates from the literature are assessed for their accuracy, reliability and comprehensiveness based on their consideration of seven âimportantâ cost components. MEDLINE, PubMed, key journals and reference lists of included studies were searched up to January 2017. Eligible studies had to report per-case, total procedural costs for any type of bariatric surgery broken down into two or more individual cost components. A total of 998 citations were screened, of which 13 studies were included for analysis. Included studies were mainly conducted from a US hospital perspective, assessed either gastric bypass or adjustable gastric banding procedures and considered a range of different cost components. The mean total procedural costs for all included studies was US7423 to US$33,541). No study considered all of the recommended âimportantâ cost components and estimation methods were poorly reported. The accuracy, reliability and comprehensiveness of the existing cost estimates are, therefore, questionable. There is a need for a comparative cost analysis of the different approaches to bariatric surgery, with the most appropriate costing approach identified to be micro-costing methods. Such an analysis will not only be useful in estimating the relative cost-effectiveness of different surgeries but will also ensure appropriate reimbursement and budgeting by healthcare payers to ensure barriers to access this effective treatment by severely obese patients are minimised.National Institute for Health Research (NIHR
Gliese 581g as a scaled-up version of Earth: atmospheric circulation simulations
We use three-dimensional simulations to study the atmospheric circulation on
the first Earth-sized exoplanet discovered in the habitable zone of an M star.
We treat Gliese 581g as a scaled-up version of Earth by considering increased
values for the exoplanetary radius and surface gravity, while retaining
terrestrial values for parameters which are unconstrained by current
observations. We examine the long-term, global temperature and wind maps near
the surface of the exoplanet --- the climate. The specific locations for
habitability on Gliese 581g depend on whether the exoplanet is tidally-locked
and how fast radiative cooling occurs on a global scale. Independent of whether
the existence of Gliese 581g is confirmed, our study highlights the use of
general circulation models to quantify the atmospheric circulation on
potentially habitable, Earth-sized exoplanets, which will be the prime targets
of exoplanet discovery and characterization campaigns in the next decade.Comment: Accepted by MNRAS. 15 pages, 13 figures. Sample movies of simulations
are available at http://www.phys.ethz.ch/~kheng/fms
Eliciting risk preferences that predict risky health behaviour: A comparison of two approaches
Information on attitudes to risk could increase understanding of and explain risky health behaviors. We investigate two approaches to eliciting risk preferences in the health domain, a novel âindirectâ lottery elicitation approach with health states as outcomes and a âdirectâ approach where respondents are asked directly about their willingness to take risks. We compare the ability of the two approaches to predict health-related risky behaviors in a general adult population. We also investigate a potential framing effect in the indirect lottery elicitation approach. We find that risk preferences elicited using the direct approach can better predict health-related risky behavior than those elicited using the indirect approach. Moreover, a seemingly innocuous change to the framing of the lottery question results in significantly different risk preference estimates, and conflicting conclusions about the ability of the indicators to predict risky health behaviors
- âŠ