The local structure of SO2 and SO3 on Ni(1 1 1): a scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study

O 1s and S 2p scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD) data, combined with multiple-scattering simulations, have been used to determine the local adsorption geometry of the SO2 and SO3 species on a Ni(1 1 1) surface. For SO2, the application of reasonable constraints on the molecular conformation used in the simulations leads to the conclusion that the molecule is centred over hollow sites on the surface, with the molecular plane essentially parallel to the surface, and with both S and O atoms offset from atop sites by almost the same distance of 0.65 Å. For SO3, the results are consistent with earlier work which concluded that surface bonding is through the O atoms, with the S atom higher above the surface and the molecular symmetry axis almost perpendicular to the surface. Based on the O 1s PhD data alone, three local adsorption geometries are comparably acceptable, but only one of these is consistent with the results of an earlier normal-incidence X-ray standing wave (NIXSW) study. This optimised structural model differs somewhat from that originally proposed in the NIXSW investigation

The Biological Basis of Individuality

Philosophers have had much to say on the question of personal identity, though I must confess that I have not found any of it very helpful. Most of you, I suspect, would find yourselves in agreement with John Locke whose robust common sense has I think a special appeal to medical men, perhaps because he was one himself-that we each have an intuitive knowledge of our own existence. Some of you, on the other hand, as good sons of Edinburgh, may prefer the sophism of David Hume, and affirm that man is nothing but a bundle of perceptions-though Hume himself later in life appeared to have doubts about this. Perhaps, though I hope not, a few of you may believe that Society or The State is the smallest unit worth bothering about, and that what we call an individual is merely an abstraction

Study of aerothermodynamic phenomena associated with reentry of manned spacecraft Final report, Nov. 1964 - May 1966

Aerothermodynamic phenomena associated with reentry of manned spacecraf

The local structure of OH species on the V2O3(0 0 0 1) surface: a scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction study

Scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD), using O 1s photoemission, together with multiple-scattering simulations, have been used to investigate the structure of the hydroxyl species, OH, adsorbed on a V2O3(0 0 0 1) surface. Surface OH species were obtained by two alternative methods; reaction with molecular water and exposure to atomic H resulted in closely similar PhD spectra. Both qualitative assessment and the results of multiple-scattering calculations are consistent with a model in which only the O atoms of outermost layer of the oxide surface are hydroxylated. These results specifically exclude significant coverage of OH species atop the outermost V atoms, i.e. in vanadyl O atom sites. Ab initio density-functional theory cluster calculations provide partial rationalisation of this result, which is discussed the context of the general understanding of this system

Large Differences in Small RNA Composition Between Human Biofluids.

Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) and other small RNAs are implicated in cellular communication and may be useful as disease biomarkers. We systematically compared small RNAs in 12 human biofluid types using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). miRNAs and tRNA-derived RNAs (tDRs) accounted for the majority of mapped reads in all biofluids, but the ratio of miRNA to tDR reads varied from 72 in plasma to 0.004 in bile. miRNA levels were highly correlated across all biofluids, but levels of some miRNAs differed markedly between biofluids. tDR populations differed extensively between biofluids. Y RNA fragments were seen in all biofluids and accounted for >10% of reads in blood plasma, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Reads mapping exclusively to Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) were very rare, except in seminal plasma. These results demonstrate extensive differences in small RNAs between human biofluids and provide a useful resource for investigating extracellular RNA biology and developing biomarkers

The neural correlates of emotion regulation by implementation intentions

Several studies have investigated the neural basis of effortful emotion regulation (ER) but the neural basis of automatic ER has been less comprehensively explored. The present study investigated the neural basis of automatic ER supported by ‘implementation intentions’. 40 healthy participants underwent fMRI while viewing emotion-eliciting images and used either a previously-taught effortful ER strategy, in the form of a goal intention (e.g., try to take a detached perspective), or a more automatic ER strategy, in the form of an implementation intention (e.g., “If I see something disgusting, then I will think these are just pixels on the screen!”), to regulate their emotional response. Whereas goal intention ER strategies were associated with activation of brain areas previously reported to be involved in effortful ER (including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), ER strategies based on an implementation intention strategy were associated with activation of right inferior frontal gyrus and ventro-parietal cortex, which may reflect the attentional control processes automatically captured by the cue for action contained within the implementation intention. Goal intentions were also associated with less effective modulation of left amygdala, supporting the increased efficacy of ER under implementation intention instructions, which showed coupling of orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. The findings support previous behavioural studies in suggesting that forming an implementation intention enables people to enact goal-directed responses with less effort and more efficiency

IJTC2008-71043 SOFT EHL ANALYSIS OF A RECIPROCATING HYDRAULIC STEP SEAL

ABSTRACT A numerical soft EHL (elastohydrodynamic lubrication) model of a reciprocating hydraulic step seal has been used to analyze seal performance. The model consists of coupled steady state fluid mechanics, deformation mechanics, contact mechanics and thermal analyses, with an iterative computational procedure. Results for a typical step seal are compared with those of a double lip U-cup seal. INTRODUCTION The reciprocating rod seal plays a critical role in the operation of hydraulic actuators since it is relied on to prevent leakage of hydraulic fluid into the environment. There are many different types of rod seals, with the U-cup and the step seal being the most common. Recent numerical analyses of U-cup seals, using a soft EHL model, has revealed that such seals operate with mixed lubrication in the sealing zone (interface between the rod and the seal) and seal roughness plays an important role [1,2] in determining seal behavior. A similar model is used in the present study to investigate the behavior of a step seal and compare its performance to that of a U-cup seal