Sediment Input into the Heidelberg Basin as determined from Downhole Logs

Der Oberrheingraben und insbesondere das Heidelberger Becken spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Untersuchung der Änderungen im Klima und der tektonischen Aktivitäten im Tertiär und Quartär. In den letzten Jahren wurden einige Forschungsbohrungen abgeteuft, um Daten für eine neue Interpretation der Geologie des nördlichen Oberrheingrabens zu erhalten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die Bohrungen Heidelberg, Viernheim und Ludwigshafen-Parkinsel sowie die flacheren Bohrungen Pfungstadt, Stadtwerke Viernheim and Hüttenfeld anhand der dort durchgeführten geophysikalischen Bohrlochmessungen näher untersucht. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der einzelnen an den Kernen beschriebenen Lithologien werden mit Hilfe der Daten der Bohrlochmessungen charakterisiert. Anschließend erfolgt eine Korrelation zwischen benachbarten Bohrlöchern, um aus den charakteristischen Änderungen im Parameter‚ natürliche Radioaktivität Aussagen zur Änderung der sedimentären Liefergebiete (Rhein, Neckar, Pfälzerwald und Odenwald) zu treffen. Eine Auswertung mit der statistischen Methode der Clusteranalyse ermöglicht es, aus den Bohrlochmessungen Bereiche mit einheitlichen physikalischen Eigenschaften zu finden und damit die möglichen sedimentären Liefergebiete einzugrenzen.researc

Sedimentary processes in Lake Van: first results from a joint interpretation of seismic and drilling data

EGU2011-1847-3 Lake Van is a lake by volume of 607 km3 and a maximum depth of 450 meters in a tectonically active zone in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In summer 2010, Lake Van was the target of a deep drilling campaign (PaleoVan) in the frame of ICDP (International Continental Scientific Drilling Program). Two sites were drilled based on reflection seismic data collected during a seismic campaign in 2004. Here we present a first joint interpretation of the seismic and drilling data. Interpretation of seismic reflection data from lake reveals three physiographic provinces: a lacustrine shelf, a lacustrine slope, and a deep, relatively flat lake basin. The most prominent features of the lacustrine shelf and slope are prograding deltaic sequences, numerous unconformities, submerged channels, as well as closely spaced U- and/or V-shaped depressions, reflecting the variable lake level history of Lake Van. The seismic units of the shelf are dominantly composed of low-to-good continuity, variable amplitude reflections interpreted as fluvial deposits. The lake consists of three prominent basins (Tatvan, Deveboynu, and Northern Basins), separated by basement highs or ridges (Ahlat Ridge). The seismic units corresponding to these basins mainly consist of low to very high amplitude, well-stratified reflection patterns. Chaotic reflections are seen in parts of these basins. The Deveboynu Basin consists mainly of chaotic reflections. The Tatvan and Northern Basins are characterized by an alternating succession of well-stratified and chaotic reflecting layers. The chaotic seismic facies are interpreted as slump and slide deposits, which are probably the result of quick lake level fluctuations and/or earthquakes. The moderateto high amplitude, well-stratified facies seen in the deep parts of the basins away from the terrigenous sediment sources are interpreted as lacustrine deposits and tephra layers. The total sediment thickness in the deep parts of the lake is over 400 m. Prominent clinoforms indicate the initial flooding of Lake Van about 500 ka ago. The acoustic basement and the sediments lying on top of the basement in the southern part of the lake are disrupted by various intrusions and extrusions suggesting active volcanism. Synthetic seismograms calculated based on core logging, wire-line logging and check shot data will allow the correlation between seismic and drill data. This approach will allow extrapolating the stratigraphy from the wells to 3D-space by using the seismic data

An astronomical age-depth model and reconstruction of moisture availability in the sediments of Lake Chalco, central Mexico, using borehole logging data

Understanding the moisture history of low latitudes from the most recent glacial period of the latest Pleistocene to post-glacial warmth in continental tropical regions is hampered by the lack of continuous time series. We conducted downhole spectral gamma (γ) ray and magnetic susceptibility logs over 300 m of lacustrine deposits of Lake Chalco (Mexico City) to reconstruct an age-depth model using an astronomical and correlative approach, and to reconstruct long-term moisture availability. Our results suggest that the Lake Chalco sediments contain several rhythmic alternations with a quasi-cyclic pattern comparable to the Pleistocene benthic stack. This allows us to calculate a time span of about 500,000 years for this sediment deposition. We developed proxies for moisture, detrital input, and salinity, all based on the physical properties of γ-ray spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility. Our results indicate that Lake Chalco formed during Marine Isotope Stage 13 (MIS13) and the lake level gradually increased over time until the interglacial MIS9. Moisture content is generally higher during interglacials than during glacials. However, two periods, namely MIS6 and MIS4, have higher moisture contents. We developed a model by comparing the obtained moisture proxy with climatic drivers, to understand how different climate systems drove effective moisture availability in the Chalco sub-basin over the past 500,000 years. Carbon dioxide, eccentricity, and precession are all key drivers of the moisture content of Lake Chalco over the past 500,000 years

The benefit of management policy of Seoul on airborne particulate matter: An application of contingent valuation

There is an increasing concern on particulate matter (PM) management in Seoul. The annual mean PM concentration of Seoul is far higher than the World Health Organization guideline and its decreasing rate has been slowed since 2012. Seoul Metropolitan Government has made various efforts to solve the problem. In particular, after an open forum held in June 2017, the Ten Measures for Fine Particles were established. Since the management of fine particles would enforce a huge budget (annual mean of 146 million US dollar) it requires a legitimate validation by the benefit analysis. This paper aims to estimate the benefit of the management policy of Seoul on airborne particulate matter. The benefit is estimated by the contingent valuation method. The estimation by the Spike model shows that the annual willingness to pay (WTP) per household for the management of airborne particulate matter is 126 US dollar (or 138,107 Korean won) (95% confidence interval of 114 to 137 US dollar). The applications of the other statistical models are also analyzed. Considering the total number of households, annual benefit of the management policy of Seoul on airborne particulate matter is 492 million US dollar annually (95% confidence interval of 446 to 537 million US dollar). A simple comparison shows that the benefit of the management of airborne particulate matter in Seoul is 3~4 times higher than the incurred expense

Restructuring TCAD System: Teaching Traditional TCAD New Tricks

Traditional TCAD simulation has succeeded in predicting and optimizing the device performance; however, it still faces a massive challenge - a high computational cost. There have been many attempts to replace TCAD with deep learning, but it has not yet been completely replaced. This paper presents a novel algorithm restructuring the traditional TCAD system. The proposed algorithm predicts three-dimensional (3-D) TCAD simulation in real-time while capturing a variance, enables deep learning and TCAD to complement each other, and fully resolves convergence errors.Comment: In Proceedings of 2021 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM

Borehole breakout analysis: results from the AND-2A Well

To define the present-day stress field in the upper crust and to understand the recent tectonic activity in Antarctica, a study of breakout measurements along AND-2A well was performed. The borehole breakout is an important indicator of horizontal stress orientation and occurs when the stresses around the borehole exceed that required to cause compressive failure of the borehole wall (Bell and Gough, 1979; Zoback et al., 1985, Bell, 1990). The enlargement of the wellbore is caused by the development of intersecting conjugate shear planes that cause pieces of the borehole wall to spall off. Around a vertical borehole, stress concentration is greatest in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress (Shmin), hence, the long axes of borehole breakouts are oriented approximately perpendicular to the maximum horizontal stress orientation (SHmax). The orientation of breakouts along the AND-2A well was measured using acoustic (BHTV) and mechanical (Four-Arm Caliper) tools. Borehole televiewer (BHTV) provides an acoustic "image" of the borehole wall (360 degree coverage) and gives detailed information for investigation of fractures and stress analysis. The four-arm caliper is the oldest technique for borehole breakout identification and it is included in routine dipmeter logs. A quality value has been assigned to the well results in agreement with the World Stress Map quality ranking scheme (Zoback, 1992; Heidback et al., 2010) based mainly on the number, accuracy, and length of breakout measurements. The result is presented as rose diagram of the breakout directions where the length of each peak is proportional to the frequency and the width to the variance of its gaussian curve. We have analyzed the following curves to recognize the breakout: the azimuth of Pad 1 (P1az), the drift azimuth (HAZI), the two calipers with respect to the bit size (BZ) curve and the curve relative to the deviation of the well. The AND-2A Four-Arm Caliper data cover a depth interval between 637 down to 997 mbsl, that corresponds to 360 m of logged interval. We have distinguished breakouts and some washouts only in the interval from 753 to 825 mbsl. From borehole televiewer images, we have data from 398 mbsl down to 1136 mbsl. The BHTV worked well showing a lot of interesting features such as many bedding, lamination and fractures (natural and induced) but poor breakouts. The rare breakouts have also a small size (called protobreakouts) but they are consistent with induced features. Considering the breakout result from caliper and BHTV, the AND-2A borehole is unfortunately classified as D quality. This means that to obtain a reliable active stress field of the area it is necessary to compare this result with other available data

Optimal control of a step-by-step transmission of vehicles

Рассматривается актуальная задача оптимального выбора передаточных чисел трансмиссии транспортных средств (ТС), оснащенных двигателями внутреннего сгорания (ДВС) со ступенчатой коробкой передач, по критерию минимального расхода топлива. Анализ научно-технической литературы показал отсутствие простых и достаточно обоснованных алгоритмов управления энергоустановкой автомобиля, представляющей собой систему, состоящую из ДВС и регулируемой трансмиссии. Целью настоящей работы является теоретическое обоснование закона переключения передаточных чисел ступенчатой трансмиссии, обеспечивающего максимальную топливную экономичность для любого мощного и скоростного режима ТС. В основу предлагаемого метода положено однопараметрическое множество линейных преобразований, связывающих момент двигателя и его частоту вращения с тяговым усилием и скоростью ТС. Множеству передаточных чисел трансмиссии соответствует множество одноэкстремальных функций удельных расходов топлива. Множество точек линий равных уровней расходов топлива, соответствующих двум соседним значениям передаточных чисел трансмиссии, образует линию переключения передач. Предложен соответствующий алгоритм переключения передаточных чисел, обеспечивающий наиболее экономичное функционирование энергоустановки ТС в условиях переменных силовых и скоростных режимов.The actual problem of optimal selection of means of transport (MT) gear ratios, equipped with internal combustion engines (ICE) with a step-by-step gearbox according to the criterion of minimum fuel consumption is considered in the article. An analysis of the scientific and technical literature has showed the absence of simple and sufficiently justified algorithms for controlling the vehicle’s power plant, which is a system that consists of an ICE and an adjustable transmission. The aim of this work is the theoretical justification of the law of gear ratios shifting of a step-by-step transmission, ensuring maximum fuel efficiency for any power and speed mode of MT. The proposed method is based on set of linear transformations that connect the engine moment and engine speed with a traction force and a speed of MT. The set of gear ratios correspond to the set of one-extremal functions of specific fuel consumptions. The set of points of equal levels lines corresponding to two neighboring values of the gear ratios of the transmission forms a gear shift line. An appropriate algorithm for switching gear ratios is proposed, which ensures the most efficient operation of a power plant of MT in conditions of variable power and speed modes

Glycemic index and microstructure analysis of a newly developed fiber enriched cookie

A diet with a high glycemic index (GI) is associated with an elevated risk for obesity or type 2 diabetes. We investigated the GI of a newly-developed fiber enriched cookie and characterized the microstructure of ingredients used. In a study with 26 non-diabetic healthy volunteers it was shown that the fiber enriched cookie has a GI of 58.9 in relation to white bread as reference. Using a conversion factor of 1.4, the GI of the fiber enriched cookie in relation to a glucose-solution is 42.0 and can be classified as a low-GI food. Postprandial insulin concentration was significantly lower after consumption of fiber enriched cookies compared to white bread. Glucose release after in vitro digestion was significantly lower from fiber enriched cookies compared to other cookies tested. In addition to its high percentage of fiber, the cookies’ low GI can be attributed to the limited gelatinization potential of the starch granules found in the ingredients used. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy it is shown that starch granule surface area of whole grain barley flour, spelt flour and oat flakes bears cluster-shaped protein–NSPS complexes that preferentially absorb water in conditions of water shortage and thereby prevent starch gelatinization

Age–depth model of the past 630 kyr for Lake Ohrid (FYROM/Albania) based on cyclostratigraphic analysis of downhole gamma ray data

Gamma ray (GR) fluctuations and potassium (K) values from downhole logging data obtained in the sediments of Lake Ohrid from 0 to 240 m below lake floor (b.l.f). correlate with fluctuations in δ18O values from the global benthic isotope stack LR04 (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005). GR and K values are considered a reliable proxy to depict glacial-interglacial cycles, with high clastic input during cold and/or drier periods and high carbonate precipitation during warm and/or humid periods at Lake Ohrid. Spectral analysis was applied to investigate the climate signal and evolution over the length of the borehole. Linking downhole logging data with orbital cycles was used to estimate sedimentation rates and the effect of compaction was compensated for. Sedimentation rates increase on average by 14 % after decompaction of the sediment layers and the mean sedimentation rates shift from 45 cm kyr-1 between 0 and 110 m to 30 cm kyr-1 from 110 to 240 m b.l.f. Tuning of minima and maxima of gamma ray and potassium values versus LR04 extrema, in combination with eight independent tephrostratigraphical tie points, allows establishing of a robust age model for the downhole logging data over the past 630 kyr. © Author(s) 2015