Development of a supercritical extraction pilot plant for upgrading of heavy oils and study of the asphaltene aggregation process

Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf MacielDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuimicaResumo: Os asfaltenos são macromoleculas aromáticas complexas, que apresentam estrutura que varia de acordo com o local de extração do óleo. Esta fração tem sido muito estudada pela indústria de petróleo, não apenas por sua contribuição às propriedades do óleo cru, mas também pelos problemas associados a sua agregação e precipitação. Com isso, foram desenvolvidos novos processos para valoração de petróleos pesados, que recuperam os asfaltenos, obtendo também óleo lubrificante. Neste trabalho foi estudado um dos processos para valoração de petróleos pesados, que utiliza fluidos supercríticos para a desasfaltação e produção de óleo lubrificante. Este processo foi estudado a partir de duas abordagens. A primeira abordagem foi o desenvolvimento de uma planta piloto de desasfaltação supercrítica, no qual o projeto de uma planta piloto construída foi adequado para o uso com petróleo. Este comissionamento foi assistido por simulações do processo realizadas em um software de simulação, no qual as variáveis de processo foram avaliadas em termos de sua influência no desempenho. Diversos testes foram feitos na planta piloto com frações pesadas de petróleos brasileiros, onde as condições operacionais foram avaliadas para a constatação das modificações de projeto necessárias. Uma vez concluída a primeira etapa, foi feita uma segunda abordagem para o processo, que representou o estudo do mecanismo de agregação e precipitação dos asfaltenos, que corresponde à primeira etapa do processo de desasfaltação. Este mecanismo foi avaliado com experimentos utilizando espalhamento de luz dinâmica, para quantificar a variação do tamanho das partículas de asfalteno com o tempo, em amostras preparadas com solventes orgânicos. Como complementação para este estudo, foi utilizada a Espectroscopia Raman Anti-Stokes Coerente para obter imagens das partículas de asfalteno no processo de agregação. Estes dados são de extrema importância, uma vez que ajudam a entender melhor o mecanismo de agregação dos asfaltenos, que ainda permanece como um grande problema sem solução na industria de petróleo e permitem o estudo e avaliação do processo de extração supercrítica para o melhor aproveitamento dos petróleos brasileiros na indústria.Abstract: Alphaltenes are complex aromatic macro-cycle molecules, with a molecular structure that varies depending on the origin of the crude oil. Apart from heir contribution to the properties of petroleum, the study of the asphaltic fraction asbecome more important, due to the problems encountered during petroleum Pro cessing caused by asphaltene precipitation, which causes pipe clogging and catalyst deactivation. Associated with the problems related to the presence of asphalthenes, the petroleum industry developed new processes for upgrading of heavy oils and residues, designed for recovering asphaltenes and lube oil from that mixture. The Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction (ROSE¿) process is the premier deasphalting technology available in industry. This process extracts high-quality deasphalted oil (DAO) and asphaltenes from atmospheric or vacuum residues and other heavier feedstocks. In this work the extraction of asphaltenes from oil was assessed using two different approaches. The first one was the installation and commissioning of a supercritical deasphalting pilot plant, assisted by simulations using a process simulation software and a thermodynamic study of the system comprised of deasphalted oil, asphaltenes and the solvent. The second approach was the use optical strategies to analyze and model asphaltene aggregation, which is the first step of the supercritical dealphalting process. The first optical technique used was dynamic light scattering (DLS), which gave information such as to study and describe the kinetics of asphaltene aggregation in aromatic solvents, at different temperatures. Associated with the DLS results, CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) images were acquired with different solvents, and allowed an evaluation of the behavior of asphaltenes while they aggregate. These results are very important, once they provide insightful information on the asphaltene aggregation mechanism that still remains as a great unsolved problem in the petroleum industry, allowing it to be controlled in order to reduce problems related with asphaltene precipitation in oil transport and processing and improving the performance of heavy oils upgrading processes.MestradoDesenvolvimento de Processos QuímicosMestre em Engenharia Químic

Multiple-exciton generation in lead selenide nanorod solar cells with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 120.

Multiple-exciton generation-a process in which multiple charge-carrier pairs are generated from a single optical excitation-is a promising way to improve the photocurrent in photovoltaic devices and offers the potential to break the Shockley-Queisser limit. One-dimensional nanostructures, for example nanorods, have been shown spectroscopically to display increased multiple exciton generation efficiencies compared with their zero-dimensional analogues. Here we present solar cells fabricated from PbSe nanorods of three different bandgaps. All three devices showed external quantum efficiencies exceeding 100% and we report a maximum external quantum efficiency of 122% for cells consisting of the smallest bandgap nanorods. We estimate internal quantum efficiencies to exceed 150% at relatively low energies compared with other multiple exciton generation systems, and this demonstrates the potential for substantial improvements in device performance due to multiple exciton generation.NJLKD thanks the Cambridge Commonwealth European and International Trust, Cambridge Australian Scholarships and Mr Charles K Allen for financial support. MLB thanks the German National Academic Foundation (“Studienstiftung”) for financial support. MT thanks the Gates Cambridge Trust, EPSRC and Winton Programme for Sustainability for financial support. F.W.R.R. gratefully thanks financial support from CNPq [Grant number 246050/2012-8]. C.D. acknowledges financial support from the EU [Grant number 312483 ESTEEM2]. This work was supported by the EPSRC [Grant numbers EP/M005143/1, EP/G060738/1, EP/G037221/1] and the ERC [Grant number 259619 PHOTO-EM].This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms925

Highly-Efficient Perovskite Nanocrystal Light-Emitting Diodes Enabled by a Universal Cross-linking Method

This work was supported by the EPSRC [Grant numbers EP/M005143/1, EP/J017361/1 and EP/G037221/1]. G.L. thanks Gates Cambridge Trust for funding. F.W.R.R. is grateful for financial support from CNPq [Grant number 246050/2012-8]. N.J.L.K.D. thanks the Cambridge Commonwealth European and International Trust, Cambridge Australian Scholarships and Mr Charles K. Allen for financial support. F.W.R.R., F.D.P. and C.D. acknowledge funding from the ERC under grant number 259619 PHOTO-EM. C.D. acknowledges financial support from the EU under grant number 312483 ESTEEM2. F.G. acknowledges financial support from the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via https://doi.org10.1002/adma.20160006

Efficient perovskite solar cells by metal ion doping

Realizing the theoretical limiting power conversion efficiency (PCE) in perovskite solar cells requires a better understanding and control over the fundamental loss processes occurring in the bulk of the perovskite layer and at the internal semiconductor interfaces in devices. One of the main challenges is to eliminate the presence of charge recombination centres throughout the film which have been observed to be most densely located at regions near the grain boundaries. Here, we introduce aluminium acetylacetonate to the perovskite precursor solution, which improves the crystal quality by reducing the microstrain in the polycrystalline film. At the same time, we achieve a reduction in the non-radiative recombination rate, a remarkable improvement in the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) and a reduction in the electronic disorder deduced from an Urbach energy of only 12.6 meV in complete devices. As a result, we demonstrate a PCE of 19.1% with negligible hysteresis in planar heterojunction solar cells comprising all organic p and n-type charge collection layers. Our work shows that an additional level of control of perovskite thin film quality is possible via impurity cation doping, and further demonstrates the continuing importance of improving the electronic quality of the perovskite absorber and the nature of the heterojunctions to further improve the solar cell performance

Research data supporting "Multiple-exciton generation in lead selenide nanorod solar cells with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 120%"

Data underlying the figures in this publication.This work was supported by the ERC [grant numbers EP/M005143/1, EP/G060738/1, EP/G037221/1] and EPSRC [grant numbers 259619 PHOTO-EM, 312483 ESTEEM2]

Research data supporting "Lead Telluride Quantum Dot Solar Cells Displaying External Quantum Efficiencies Exceeding 120%"

The data is the basis for all Figures in the manuscript and Supporting Information.This work was supported by the ERC [grant numbers 259619 PHOTO-EM,312483 ESTEEM2], EPSRC [grant numbers EP/M005143/1, EP/G060738/1, EP/G037221/1], and the CNPq [grant number 246050/2012-8]

Perovskite Crystals for Tunable White Light Emission

A significant fraction of global electricity demand is for lighting. Enabled by the realization and development of efficient GaN blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), phosphor-based solid-state white LEDs provide a much higher efficiency alternative to incandescent and fluorescent lighting, which are being broadly implemented. However, a key challenge for this industry is to achieve the right photometric ranges and application-specific emission spectra via cost-effective means. Here, we synthesize organic–inorganic lead halide-based perovskite crystals with broad spectral tuneability. By tailoring the composition of methyl and octlyammonium cations in the colloidal synthesis, meso- to nanoscale 3D crystals (5–50 nm) can be formed with enhanced photoluminescence efficiency. By increasing the octlyammonium cations content, we observe platelet formation of 2D layered perovskite sheets; however, these platelets appear to be less emissive than the 3D crystals. We further manipulate the halide composition of the perovskite crystals to achieve emission covering the entire visible spectrum. By blending perovskite crystals with different emission wavelengths in a polymer host, we demonstrate the potential to replace conventional phosphors and provide the means to replicate natural white light when excited by a blue GaN LED

Efficient perovskite solar cells by metal ion doping

Realizing the theoretical limiting power conversion efficiency (PCE) in perovskite solar cells requires a better understanding and control over the fundamental loss processes occurring in the bulk of the perovskite layer and at the internal semiconductor interfaces in devices. One of the main challenges is to eliminate the presence of charge recombination centres throughout the film which have been observed to be most densely located at regions near the grain boundaries. Here, we introduce aluminium acetylacetonate to the perovskite precursor solution, which improves the crystal quality by reducing the microstrain in the polycrystalline film. At the same time, we achieve a reduction in the non-radiative recombination rate, a remarkable improvement in the photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) and a reduction in the electronic disorder deduced from an Urbach energy of only 12.6 meV in complete devices. As a result, we demonstrate a PCE of 19.1% with negligible hysteresis in planar heterojunction solar cells comprising all organic p and n-type charge collection layers. Our work shows that an additional level of control of perovskite thin film quality is possible via impurity cation doping, and further demonstrates the continuing importance of improving the electronic quality of the perovskite absorber and the nature of the heterojunctions to further improve the solar cell performance