Los tropos de la música

Aunque las estructuras trópicas están generalmente ligadas a materiales verbales o visuales propios de la cultura, los tropos suelen haber sido considerados unos instrumentos primarios en la producción de la música. Este artículo trata de mostrar cómo los tropos musicales afectan a la interpretación de los materiales musicales por los oyentes. Se expone como, en la música, los tropos corresponden a las principales funciones semióticas señaladas por la lingüística tradicional: icónica, indéxica y simbólica. Utilizando materiales de audio, este ensayo explora algunos de estos tropos musicales tomados de la música tradicional asiática y nativa americana, así como de la música del arte occidental del periodo barroco, clásico y moderno. Se muestra que las funciones icónicas incluyen estructuras musicales onomatopéyicas. Mientras las funciones indéxicas implican imitación interna, repetición y reafirmación, las funciones simbólicas suponen el uso de materiales sonoros que evocan imágenes o instituciones culturales específicas. Finalmente, el artículo sugiere que los tropos lingüísticos, visuales y musicales están interconectados, reforzándose mutuamente, y pueden proceder del mismo conjunto de funciones cognitivas que caracteriza a la cultura humana.Although tropic structures are generally linked to verbal or visual materials in culture, tropes have long been understood as primary devices in the production of music. This paper seeks to show how musical tropes affect the interpretation of musical materials by listeners. Tropes in music will be shown to correspond to the principal semiotic functions observed in traditional linguistics: iconic, indexical and symbolic. Using audio materials, this essay explore a number of these musical tropes taken from traditional Asian and Native American music; and Western art music from Baroque, Classical and modern periods. Iconic functions are shown to include onomatopoeic musical structures. Indexical functions involve internal imitation, repetition and restatement, and symbolic functions involve the use of sound materials evocative of specific cultural images or institutions. The paper finally suggests that linguistic, visual and musical tropes are interconnected, mutually reinforcing, and may stem from the same set of cognitive functions in human culture

Modelling human choices: MADeM and decision‑making

Research supported by FAPESP 2015/50122-0 and DFG-GRTK 1740/2. RP and AR are also part of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics FAPESP grant (2013/07699-0). RP is supported by a FAPESP scholarship (2013/25667-8). ACR is partially supported by a CNPq fellowship (grant 306251/2014-0)

The U.S.-Shi'ite Relationship in a New Iraq: Better than the British?; Strategic Insights, v. 3, issue 5 (May, 2004)

This article appeared in Strategic Insights, v.3, issue 5 (May, 2004)Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Language, Status, and Power in Iran

By showing the reader the intricacies of face-to-face sociolinguistic interaction, William Beeman provides a key to understanding Iranian social and political life. He recorded and studied mundane conversations; greetings; discussions of crops, marriages, and village happenings; gossip; social talk at weddings, dinners, and religious ceremonies; and talk among people at work. Various patterns of social interaction, such as pronoun usage, significant pauses, and gestures, are analyzed here in terms of their contributions to the overall meaning of the conversation. While focusing on Iran, Beeman's study in cross-cultural linguistics will clearly be a model for the study of different languages and cultures