Impacto de la reforma presupuestaria en la económia Nicaraguense : Concecuencias de la reforma en el presupuesto de Silais-Masaya

El presente trabajo investigativo tiene como objetivo analizar y estudiar el impacto de la reforma presupuestaria de la economía nicaragüense 2014, aprobado por la asamblea nacional, debido a las consecuencias de las afectaciones ocasionadas por la sequía, caída de los precios internacionales de los principales productos de exportación claves como: el maní, carne, café y azúcar. Y por el desempeño mixto de las principales economías industriales y emergentes lo que provocó un deterioro en los términos de intercambio que impactó negativamente en el nivel adquisitivo de la economía Nicaragüense. El exceso del presupuesto general de egresos sobre el presupuesto general de ingresos constituye el déficit fiscal del presupuesto general de la república que asciende para el ejercicio presupuestario 2014 en C$3,699.5 millones. En el primer capítulo se abordan los aspectos teóricos-metodológicos (contenido y metodología utilizados en la investigación de seminario de graduación), donde se aborda el problema referido al impacto de la reforma presupuestaria de la economía Nicaragüense periodo 2014, así, como también la respectiva sistematización la cual será evaluada de acuerdo al alcance de los objetivos planteados. Se logró ejecutar una investigación cualitativa-explorativa, la cual permitió analizar el comportamiento del presupuesto 2014. El segundo capítulo aborda las causas que originaron la reforma del presupuesto de la economía nicaragüense 2014, definiendo las principales afectaciones con la que se enfrentó el país en el periodo 2013, sin olvidar algunos elementos domésticos ocurridos en el 2014 que aminoraron el ritmo de crecimiento de la actividad económica, provocando la reforma presupuestaria de la economía nicaragüense 2014. El tercer capítulo comprende el estudio del impacto de la reforma presupuestaria de la economía Nicaragüense y como este a su vez impacta en el presupuesto del Silais-Masaya, afectado al departamento y a toda la población

Association of acculturation with cardiac structure and function among Hispanics/Latinos: a cross-sectional analysis of the echocardiographic study of Latinos.

OBJECTIVE:Hispanics/Latinos, the largest immigrant population in the USA, undergo the process of acculturation and have a large burden of heart failure risk. Few studies have examined the association of acculturation on cardiac structure and function. DESIGN:Cross-sectional. SETTING:The Echocardiographic Study of Latinos. PARTICIPANTS:1818 Hispanic adult participants with baseline echocardiographic assessment and acculturation measured by the Short Acculturation Scale, nativity, age at immigration, length of US residence, generational status and language. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), early diastolic transmitral inflow and mitral annular velocities. RESULTS:The study population was predominantly Spanish-speaking and foreign-born with mean residence in the US of 22.7 years, mean age of 56.4 years; 50% had hypertension, 28% had diabetes and 44% had a body mass index &gt;30 kg/m2. Multivariable analyses demonstrated higher LAVI with increasing years of US residence. Foreign-born and first-generation participants had higher E/e' but lower LAVI and e' velocities compared with the second generation. Higher acculturation and income &gt;20K were associated with higher LVMI, LAVI and E/e' but lower e' velocities. Preferential Spanish-speakers with an income <20K had a higher E/e'. CONCLUSIONS:Acculturation was associated with abnormal cardiac structure and function, with some effect modification by socioeconomic status

Use of Andean pseudocereals in beer production

Beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages worldwide; however, with consumers more aware of food's environmental and nutritional benefits, there is a demand for more sustainable and value-added products. Andean pseudocereals (APS) are becoming a trend as gluten-free grains with excellent nutritional and nutraceutical value. Cultivated under the extreme climate conditions of the Peruvian Andes, APS seeds are an excellent source of starch, fiber, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids with antioxidant capacity that provide potential health benefits. This review is a compilation of the information and studies on the general characteristics and potential of the main APS as quinoa, amaranth, and cañihua for beer production. In addition, current evidence of the malting process in APS and its effects on beer's nutritional, functional, and sensory properties are also provided. Based on the research supporting the pseudocereals inclusion for the formulation of foods for celiac people, this review also looks at recent advances in applying APS to develop traditional and gluten-free (GF) beers. Finally, APS's economic, cultural, and social importance in the brewing industry is highlighted to promote the creation and innovation of fermentative products based on their bioactive compounds, thus achieving better commercial exploration of these ancestral grains.Campus Lima Centr

Initiation of lightning flashes simultaneously observed from space and the ground: Narrow bipolar events

We investigate the initiation of four lightning flashes detected from ground by means of the Colombia Lightning Mapping Array (Colombia-LMA) and simultaneously observed from space by the optical sensors of the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on board the International Space Station (ISS), the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), and the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the ISS. The initiations of the flashes are characterized by isolated and predominant optical blue pulses (337.0 nm). In three of the flashes, red emissions (777.4 nm), a dominant line of hot lightning, were not detected during their initiation. In these cases, the initiations were also accompanied by bipolar VLF/LF waveform with a narrow short duration (<40 μs) and VHF emissions with high radio frequency power (<269 kW). The detection of the blue emissions without any red luminosity supports that the fast breakdown processes at the flash initiation can be exclusively of streamer nature. The onset of the fourth flash was associated with both blue and red radiation, and with weak narrow bipolar waveform in VLF/LF and low VHF power. The flashes initiated between the midlevel negative and upper positive charge regions. This paper presents and discusses the first fast breakdown processes observed simultaneously from ground by means a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and from space during the onset of lightning flashes.publishedVersio

Prevalencia de sífilis y características del comportamiento de los jóvenes indígenas del Paraguay, 2016

El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de sífilis y características de comportamiento de los jóvenes indígenas del Paraguay en el 2016. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal con muestro probabilístico estratificado bietapico, que incluyó a jóvenes indígenas de 15 a 18 años de cinco familias lingüísticas de Paraguay. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado y para el tamizaje de sífilis se utilizó una test rápido treponémico y para confirmar los resultados reactivos se realizó VDRL, considerando como resultado positivo si el test rápido era positivo + VDRL positivo a una dilución de 1:4 o mayor y si la VDRL era menor a 1:4 con TPHA positivo. Los resultados se expresan como medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y proporciones. Ingresaron al estudio 546 jóvenes de 15 a 18 años, el 67,03% era del sexo femenino. Se identificaron 36 casos de sífilis, que representa una prevalencia de 6,6% [IC95%: 4,7-9,0]. Mayor prevalencia de sífilis se observó en los jóvenes que consumieron alcohol en la última relación sexual 20,6% (14/68) (p&lt;0,001), sexo transaccional 40% (2/5) (p=0,010) y no utilización de condón 20,6% (14/68) (p&lt;0,001). Se encontró una alta prevalencia de sífilis en la población juvenil indígena, relacionada al consumo de alcohol en la última relación, práctica de sexo transaccional y no utilización de preservativos. Se recomienda la implementación de estrategias específicas con abordaje intercultural apropiadas para una población joven, orientadas a disminuir las prácticas de riesgo y promocionar la utilización de preservativos

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Initiation of lightning flashes simultaneously observed from space and the ground: Narrow bipolar events

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).We investigate the initiation of four lightning flashes detected from ground by means of the Colombia Lightning Mapping Array (Colombia-LMA) and simultaneously observed from space by the optical sensors of the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) on board the International Space Station (ISS), the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), and the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the ISS. The initiations of the flashes are characterized by isolated and predominant optical blue pulses (337.0 nm). In three of the flashes, red emissions (777.4 nm), a dominant line of hot lightning, were not detected during their initiation. In these cases, the initiations were also accompanied by bipolar VLF/LF waveform with a narrow short duration (<40 μs) and VHF emissions with high radio frequency power (<269 kW). The detection of the blue emissions without any red luminosity supports that the fast breakdown processes at the flash initiation can be exclusively of streamer nature. The onset of the fourth flash was associated with both blue and red radiation, and with weak narrow bipolar waveform in VLF/LF and low VHF power. The flashes initiated between the midlevel negative and upper positive charge regions. This paper presents and discusses the first fast breakdown processes observed simultaneously from ground by means a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and from space during the onset of lightning flashes. © 2021 The Authors.The UPC contribution: This work was supported by research Grants ESP2013-48032-C5-3-R, ESP2015-69909-C5-5-R and ESP2017-86263-C4-2-R funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, by the “European Union”; and Grant PID2019-109269RB-C42 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033. The IAA contribution: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AEI) under project PID2019-109269RB-C43 and the FEDER program. FJPI acknowledges the sponsorship provided by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research of Germany through the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. AL was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under European Union Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/ERC Grant Agreement 681257. Authors FJGV, FJPI, and AL acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV- 2017-0709). The UV contribution: This work was supported by research grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER): ESP2013-48032-C5-1-R, ESP2015-69909-C5-1-R and ESP2017-86263-C4-1-R. The UB (University of Bergen) would like to thank the Research Council of Norway under contracts 223252/F50 (CoE). The USP (University of Sao Paulo) contribution: This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)— Print Project (grant number: 88887.370081/2019-00). ASIM is a mission of The European Space Agency (ESA). The project is funded by ESA and by national grants of Denmark, Norway, and Spain. We thank Keraunos(Colombia) for the LINET data.Peer reviewe