Multiple Perpetrator Rape Committed by Female Offenders:A Comparison of Solo, Duo, and 3+ Group Offenders

Previous studies on multiple perpetrator rapes have shown that male sexual offenders who commit their offense alone differ on offender, offense, and victim characteristics from those who commit their offense in duos and 3+ groups. For the current study, 246 female sexual offenders have been studied regarding their co-offending pattern and the differences in offender, offense, and victim characteristics. Significant differences between solo (n = 73), duos (n = 146), and 3+ group offenders (n = 27) were found for the age at the first conviction, age at the time of the index offense, performed sexual acts, physical and verbal violence, victim gender, victim relationship, victim age, and location where the abuse took place. There were four indicators that could predict the assault type. Co-offenders were more likely than solo offenders to perform penetration on a female, intrafamilial victim who they assaulted indoors. These results have implications for interventions with offenders and criminal justice authorities

Female sexual offending: Offenders, criminal careers and co-offending

Bijleveld, C.C.J.H. [Promotor]Hendriks, J. [Promotor

Outer Space Resources in Efficient and Equitable Use: New Frontiers for Old Principles

A regime for managing the two space resources, the physical space resources and the electromagnetic spectrum was suggested. To achieve efficiency in an international convention establishing intra- and international free trade in divisible, indefinite user rights to the complete resources should be agreed upon. A legal convention on the definition and enforcement of liability rules is also crucial for efficiency. An authority to manage space resources is needed only for those activities that interfere with a large number of other activities. The creation of an international space condominium to auction user rights to the two resources was suggested to achieve equity

Free Trade Agreements, Institutions and the Exports of EasternPartnership Countries

Following popular protests at home and the fall of the government, Ukraine reversed course andjoined Georgia and Moldova in signing Association Agreements in June 2014. This article hastwo main aims. First, using a gravity model of trade, it estimates the effects of deep and shallowfree trade agreements for the EaP (Eastern Partnership) states with Russia and the EU respectively.Second, by relating the outcomes of the first estimation to the quality of in stitutions, proxied withthe level of democracy and the level of corruption in the selected countries, the paper estimates theeffect on exports of changes in the quality of institutions. The main results show that the EaP coun-tries gain significantly from free trade agreements with the EU but little if anything from free tradeagreements with Russia, and that improvements in the quality of institutions in EaP countries haveplayed an important role in fostering exports.The authors acknowledge the support and collaboration of Project ECO2014-58991-C3-2-R funded by theSpanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and of Project ‘Production Networks and Economic Integration’ fundedby Fundación Caja Castellón-Bancaja

Literatuurscan oorzaken geweld tegen kinderen en jongeren in afhankelijkheidsrelaties

Naar aanleiding van het rapport van de Commissie Seksueel misbruik van minderjarigen in de Rooms-Katholieke Kerk (Commissie Deetman), heeft de Minster van Veiligheid en Justitie, mede namens de Staatssecretaris van VWS, een onderzoek naar dieperliggende oorzaken van seksueel geweld en andere vormen van geweld in afhankelijkheidsrelaties toegezegd aan de Tweede Kamer. Dit onderzoek heeft betrekking op de eerste fase van het onderzoek. Het betreft een literatuurscan die de stand van de wetenschappelijke kennis op hoofdlijnen in kaart moet brengen met betrekking tot de etiologie van seksueel geweld en fysiek geweld tegen kinderen en jongeren, binnen afhankelijkheidsrelaties. De volgende deelvragen staan daarbij centraal: - Wat is de stand van de kennis over de etiologie van fysieke kindermishandeling en seksueel misbruik? - Waar liggen grofweg de mogelijkheden om te interveniëren? - Op welke thema's zou nader, al dan niet empirisch, onderzoek in Nederland wenselijk zijn en hoe zou dat er idealiter uitzien

Group sexual offending by juvenile females

This study examined all group sexual offending cases in the Netherlands between 1995 and 2009 (n = 26) in which at least one juvenile female offender (n = 35) had been adjudicated. Information from court files showed that the majority of juvenile female group sexual offenders have (inter)personal problems and (sexual) abuse experiences. The aims of the offender groups in committing the offense could be categorized in three themes: harassing the victim, sexual gratification, and taking revenge. The reasons why juvenile female offenders participated in a group could be categorized into group dynamics versus instrumental reasons. The findings are contrasted with findings on juvenile male group sexual offenders. Implications of the findings for research and treatment are discussed