The Importance of Socio-Economic Versus Environmental Risk Factors for Reported Dengue Cases in Java, Indonesia

Background: Dengue is a major mosquito-borne viral disease and an important public health problem. Identifying which factors are important determinants in the risk of dengue infection is critical in supporting and guiding preventive measures. In South-East Asia, half of all reported fatal infections are recorded in Indonesia, yet little is known about the epidemiology of dengue in this country. Methodology/Principal findings: Hospital-reported dengue cases in Banyumas regency, Central Java were examined to build Bayesian spatial and spatio-temporal models assessing the influence of climatic, demographic and socio-economic factors on the risk of dengue infection. A socio-economic factor linking employment type and economic status was the most influential on the risk of dengue infection in the Regency. Other factors such as access to healthcare facilities and night-time temperature were also found to be associated with higher risk of reported dengue infection but had limited explanatory power. Conclusions/Significance: Our data suggest that dengue infections are triggered by indoor transmission events linked to socio-economic factors (employment type, economic status). Preventive measures in this area should therefore target also specific environments such as schools and work areas to attempt and reduce dengue burden in this community. Although our analysis did not account for factors such as variations in immunity which need further investigation, this study can advise preventive measures in areas with similar patterns of reported dengue cases and environmen

TINJAUAN YURIDIS RUMUSAN HOSPITAL BY LAWS RUMAH SAKIT JOGJA

The objective of this research was to get information on conformity between competence standart of managig official at Jogja Hospital By Laws and Regulation of Indonesian Health initer no. 971/MENKES/PER/XI/2009 on competence standart of health structural official, conformity of oversee board member determination in Jogja Hospital By Laws and law no. 44/2009 on Hospital at Article 56 point (3), and its consequence on service quality when there is not a confomity. This is normative juridical research. Data consisted of secondary data, supprted with primary data. Secondary data was obtained with literary study while primary data was obtained through intervie. The data obtained was analyzed quantitatively and presented descriptively. The results indicatd that: First, that competence standard of administrator official of Jogja Hospital have not fully conformed to the Regulation of Indonesian Health Minister no, 971/MENKES/PER/XI/2009 on stipulation that Director may be from non public servant employee and requirement of training that should be early requirement for director position is even a strong condition with time extention. About condition for vice director for service is alo not apprropriate because it used requirement for ducational hospital, although Jogja Hospital is not ducational Hospital. In adition, training requirement is strong requirement as problem for director position. General vice director and finance vice director is joined in one position tha lead to heavier working load. Second, Determination of amount and type of Jogja Hospital oversee committee member did not conform to law on Hospital because, there should be three persos consisting one person representing owner pointed by the major, one person representing profession organization and hospital association, and one persons society figure that have expertise in hospital or even being hospital director. It did not fully adopt regulation in the Law on Hospital

DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN TARIF DAN NON-TARIF TERHADAP PERMINTAAN DAN DAYA SAING TUNA INDONESIA DI PASAR UNI EROPA, AMERIKA DAN JEPANG

This research is mainly based on the condition that export of fishery product from Indonesia and others developing countries was faced on some of marketing problems expecially tariff barrier (high and discriminative) and non tariff barriers (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures/SPS and Technical Barrier to Trade/TBT) which more strict and various in three major market (European Union, United States of America and Japan). Both of this policy have been led to increase price of tuna export in developing countries and decrease the competitiveness of Indonesia�s tuna commodity. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of implementation tariff and non-tariff policy also the other factors on demand and competitiveness Indonesia�s tuna commodity. Panel data was implemented in this research because beside used anually time series data during the period 1983-2008 also used cross section data which describe the demand and competitiveness condition of Indonesia�s tuna commodity in three major market. Equation models in this research were estimated with Generalized Least Square ( GLS) method with fixed effect to analyse all of demand and competitiveness of export tuna in three major market and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to analyse demand and competitiveness of export tuna in each market. Meanwhile the competitiveness of tuna is measured using Revealed Comparatif Advantage (RCA) index. The results show that export price in European union and shrimp price in Japan are main factors the demand of Indonesia�s tuna export in three major market. The change of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Japan has not been influenced the demand of Indonesia�s tuna export to these country because Japan�s import of fishery product from Indonesia has been done frequently and Indonesia�s market share is very high. Export tuna from Indonesia is competing with export tuna from Thailand in European and Japan market while with export tuna from Philippines in USA market. Tariff policy more reduce and didn�t influenced on demand and competitiveness. This finding were confirmed by significancy which more little than non-tariff policy. To increase both demand and competitiveness Indonesia�s export tuna commodity, tarif and non-tariff policy must been concerned by Indonesia�s exporte

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KENAIKAN JUMLAH SEL T CD4+ PADA PASIEN TERINFEKSI HIV YANG MENJALANI TERAPI ANTIRETROVIRAL

The HIV epidemic in Indonesia continues to increase despite the widespread use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) nationwide. However, there is limited data assessing the impact of ART as well as host and environment factors on CD4+ T cell increase among HIV infected patients in Indonesia, particularly in Yogyakarta. CD4+ T cell counts is still used for ART response monitoring, instead of HIV-RNA viral load due to financial limitation. The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of immunologic response following ART within 12 months. A retrospective cohort study was carried out among HIV patients who started ART during 2008-2012 in Dr. Sardjito referral hospital at Yogyakarta, Indonesia. CD4+ T cell counts for each patient was observed within 12 months after starting ART. Immunologic success was defined by increasing CD4+ T cell counts � 200 cells/mm3 during 12 months after starting ART in this study. Kaplan- Meier and Cox Proportional Hazard analyses were performed to predict factors associated with time to achieve CD4+ T cell count � 200 cells/μl within 12 months. A total of 222 patients were included with median age of 32 years (IQR 28-40). Median CD4+ count at the time of ART initiation were 41 cells/mm3 (IQR 13-105). Eighty patients (36%) achieved a CD4+ T cell count � 200 cells/μl after 12 months of ART. The median time could not be estimated due to the low event of CD4+ count � 200 cells/mm3 within 12 months, however, 25% reached this outcome by 9 months. In multivariate analyses, CD4+ T cell count at baseline was the only significant independent predictor of CD4+ T cell count increase (HR: 2.78, 95% CI 1.55-4.98, p< 0.001). Higher CD4+ T count at start of ART was more likely to achieve CD4+ T cell counts � 200 cells/μl in the first year. More than fifty percent of patients had very low CD4+ count at baseline. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop strategies that increase HIV early testing, diagnosis and treatment to improve ART success

Dampak Kombinasi Pemupukan Tunggal dan Majemuk terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays) serta Kandungan Unsur Hara Alfisol Jatikerto

Indonesia sebagai negara agraris memiliki ordo tanah yang beragam, salah satunya Alfisol. Kecamatan Kromengan memiliki ordo tanah jenis Alfisol yang memiliki karakteristik kaya akan Al dan Fe sehingga menyebabkan kadar unsur hara tanah rendah akibat terhambatnya proses penyerapan unsur hara oleh tanaman. Produksi jagung di Kecamatan Kromengan mengalami fluktuasi dari tahun 2013 hingga tahun 2018 dari 0,97 hingga 3,14 ton per ha per tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi kombinasi pupuk tunggal dan majemuk terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung, serta kandungan unsur hara tanah alfisol Jatikerto. Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2022 hingga bulan Juli 2022 di Kebun Percobaan Agro Techno Park (ATP) Universitas Brawijaya yang beralamat di Dusun Solobekti, Desa Jatikerto, Kecamatan Kromengan, Kabupaten Malang. Kegiatan analisis laboratorium dilakukan di Ruang Pengeringan, Fisika Tanah, dan Kimia Tanah Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang terdiri dari 9 perlakuan dengan ulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Perlakuan penelitian berupa perlakuan pupuk tunggal (Urea, SP-36, KCl) dan perlakuan pupuk majemuk (Ca-Mg-Na-Si) yang terdiri dari G0 (Kontrol (tanpa pemupukan)), G1 (100% PT), G2 (100% PT + 100% PM), G3 (75% PT + 50% PM), G4 (75% PT + 75% PM), G5 (75% PT + 100% PM), G6 (75% PT + 125% PM), G7 (75% PT + 150% PM), dan G8 (75% PT + 200% PM). Parameter yang diamati meliputi parameter tanaman dan tanah. Parameter tanaman meliputi tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, diameter batang, berat basah tongkol per tanaman, berat kering tongkol per tanaman, jumlah baris biji per tongkol, berat 1000 biji, dan berat total tongkol per petak dan per ha. Parameter tanah meliputi tekstur, pH tanah (aktual dan potensial), N total, P tersedia, K-dd, dan Ca-dd. Analisis data yang dilakukan menggunakan ANOVA (Analysis of variance) dan selanjutnya dilakukan uji lanjut dengan menggunakan Uji DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) dengan taraf 5% menggunakan software RStudio. Aplikasi kombinasi pupuk tunggal (urea, SP-36, KCl) dan pupuk majemuk (Ca-Mg-Na-Si) pada perlakuan G2 (100% PT + 100% PM) dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung pada beberapa parameter meliputi tinggi tanaman (9 MST), jumlah daun (7 MST), diameter batang (9 MST), juga meningkatkan parameter produksi berupa berat kering per tanaman dan berat tongkol per petak maupun berat tongkol per ha. Aplikasi kombinasi pupuk tunggal dan majemuk dapat mempertahankan kriteria pH tanah pada kriteria masam, mempertahankan kriteria residu hara berupa P tersedia tanah dan Ca-dd tetap pada kelas sangat tinggi, dan meningkatkan residu K-dd dari kriteria sedang menjadi sangat tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan tanah awal. Perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan G2 (100% PT + 100% PM) dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung serta unsur hara Alfisol Jatikerto

Tipologi Perkembangan Karakteristik Perkotaan pada Setiap Kecamatan di Kawasan Sarbagita

Kawasan Sarbagita ialah salah satu Kawasan di Provinsi Bali yang memiliki fungsi sebagai kawasan perkotaan metropolitan dan kawasan non-metropolitan. Sebagian kecamatan pada kawasan tersebut ditetapkan sebagai kawasan strategis nasional dengan kepentingan ekonomi. Selain itu, Provinsi Bali meliputi Kawasan Sarbagita memiliki karakteristik yang menonjol sebagai kawasan pariwisata dan kawasan perdagangan dan jasa sehingga Adanya kondisi tersebut dapat memicu perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan di Kawasan Sarbagita. Perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan erat kaitannya dengan fenomena transformasi wilayah, dimana transformasi wilayah ialah representasi dari perkembangan wilayah yang digambarkan dengan adanya perubahan dan pergeseran karakteristik fisik, ekonomi, social- budaya dan politik dari komoponen suatu wilayah dalam kurun waktu tertentu akibat hubungan timbal balik antar komponen wilayah tersebut. Perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan di Kawasan Sarbagita ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan peningkatan luas guna lahan terbangun. Kawasan Sarbagita yang terletak di Provinsi Bali ini menggambarkan sebagai kawasan perkotaan terbesar di Provinsi Bali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tipologi perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan di Kawasan Sarbagita berdasarkan karakteristik fisik, ekonomi dan social setiap kecamatan di Kawasan Sarbagita pada tahun 2010 dan tahun 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis cluster untuk mengelompokkan tipologi perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan setiap kecamatan, dengan demikian nilai jarak memiliki pengaruh. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan penginderaan jauh dan informasi geografis system untuk mengetahui perkembangan guna lahan di Kawasan Sarbagita tahun 2010-2020. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan telah terjadi setiap kecamatan di Kawasan Sarbagita, dimana perkembangan karakteristik perkotaan di Kawasan Sarbagita diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 yaitu rural-urban A, rural-urban B, rural-urban C dan highly rural

Invigorasi Dengan Osmoconditioning Untuk Peningkatan Viabiltas Dan Vigor Benih Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.)

Tanaman kenaf merupakan tanaman serat yang mempunyai potensi tinggi dalam usaha tani. Namun tanaman kenaf mengalami penurunan produktivitas. Salah satu masalah dalam penurunan produksi kenaf adalah kualitas benih yang buruk. Kualitas benih erat kaitannya dengan viabilitas dan vigor benih. Viabilitas dan vigor benih yang menurun dapat ditingkatkan dengan osmoconditioning. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi perlakuan konsentrasi Kalsium Klorida (CaCl2) dan durasi perendaman yang tepat dan efisien terhadap vigor dan viabilitas benih tanaman kenaf di laboratorium dan mengetahui kombinasi perlakuan konsentrasi Kalsium Klorida (CaCl2) dan durasi perendaman yang tepat dan efisien terhadap vigor tanaman kenaf di greenhouse. Penelitian terdiri dari dua tahap. Penelitian yang pertama dilakukan di Laboratorium Benih BALLITAS Malang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor terdiri dari sepuluh taraf (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9) dengan empat kali ulangan. Kombinasi perlakuan terdiri dari konsentrasi Kalsium Klorida (CaCl2) dan durasi perendaman. Satuan perlakuan yaitu: P0 (Kontrol), P1 (50 mM CaCl2 + 6 jam), P2 (50 mM CaCl2 + 12 jam), P3 (50 mM CaCl2 + 24 jam), P4 (100 mM CaCl2 + 6 jam), P5 (100 mM CaCl2 + 12 jam), P6 (100 mM CaCl2 + 24 jam), P7 (150 mM CaCl2 + 6 jam), P8 (150 mM CaCl2 + 12 jam), P9 (150 mM CaCl2 + 24 jam). Variabel pengamatan dalam uji laboratorium terdiri dari pengamatan indeks vigor, keserempakan tumbuh, kecepatan tumbuh kecambah, daya berkecambah, potensi tumbuh maksimum, panjang hipokotil, panjang radikula dan berat kering kecambah. Penelitian kedua dilakukan di greenhouse BALITTAS Malang. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) satu faktor terdiri dari tujuh taraf (P0, P1, P2, P4, P5, P7, P8). Tiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat kali ulangan. Kombinasi perlakuan terdiri dari konsentrasi Kalsium Klorida (CaCl2) dan durasi perendaman. Satuan perlakuan yaitu: P0 (Kontrol), P1 (50 mM CaCl2 + 6 jam), P2 (50 mM CaCl2 + 12 jam), P3 (50 mM CaCl2 + 24 jam), P4 (100 mM CaCl2 + 6 jam), P5 (100 mM CaCl2 + 12 jam), P6 (100 mM CaCl2 + 24 jam), P7 (150 mM CaCl2 + 6 jam), P8 (150 mM CaCl2 + 12 jam). Variabel pengamatan di greenhouse terdiri dari kecepatan tumbuh kecambah, tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot basah batang, bobot kering batang bobot basah akar, bobot kering akar, bobot basah daun, bobot kering daun. Seluruh data kuantitatif yang telah dihimpun dianalisis menggunakan uji statistika Annova One-Ways dengan menggunakan software DSAASTAT. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji lanjut dengan DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) pada taraf 5%. Perlakuan P1 menjadi perlakuan yang efisien dalam mempengaruhi variabel pengamatan indeks vigor, keserempakan tumbuh, kecepatan tumbuh, potensi tumbuh maksimum, panjang hipokotil, panjang radikula, dan berat kering kecambah. Percobaan di greenhouse menghasilkan bahwa perlakuan P1 (CaCl2 50 mM + 6 jam) menjadi perlakuan yang paling efisien terhadap variabel pengamatan kecepatan tumbuh kecambah, tinggi tanaman, bobot basah daun, bobot kering batang, bobot kering daun namun kurang efisien terhadap variabel pengamatan bobot basah batang, bobot basah akar dan bobot kering akar

Chapter 9: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Dengue Fever in Makassar Indonesia: A Comparison of Models Based on CARBayes

Background: Dengue fever is one of the world’s most important vector-borne diseases and it is still a major public health problem in the Asia-Pacific region including Indonesia. Makassar is one of the major cities in Indonesia where the incidence of dengue fever is still quite high. Since dengue cases vary between areas and over time, these spatial and temporal components should be taken into consideration. However, unlike many other spatio-temporal contexts, Makassar is comprised of only a small number of areas and data are available over a relatively short timeframe. The aim of this paper is to better understand the spatial and temporal patterns of dengue incidence in Makassar, Indonesia by comparing the performance of six existing spatio-temporal models, taking into account these specific data characteristics (small number of areas and limited small number of time periods) and to select the best model for Makassar dengue dataset. Methods: Six different Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive (ST CAR) models were compared in the context of a substantive case study, namely annual dengue fever incidence in 14 geographic areas of Makassar, Indonesia, during 2002–2015. The candidate models included linear, ANOVA, separate spatial, autoregressive (AR), adaptive and localised approaches. The models were implemented using CARBayesST and the goodness of fit was compared using the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) and Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC). Results: The six models performed differently in the context of this case study. Among the six models, the spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive localised model had a much better fit than other options in terms of DIC, while the conditional autoregressive model with separate spatial and temporal components performed worst. However, the spatio-temporal CAR AR had a much better fit than other models in terms of WAIC. The different performance of the models may have been influenced by the small number of areas. Conclusion: Different spatio-temporal models appeared to have a large impact on results. Careful selection of a range of spatio-temporal models is important for assessing the spatial and temporal patterns of dengue fever, especially in a context characterised by relatively few spatial areas and limited time periods