Эколого-рекреационный коридор в горном заповеднике Боготы

Bogotá the capital of the Republic of Colombia is a tropical highland city located at 2650 m above sea level, the 25th largest city of the world and among the large, one of the highest. A proposal for integration of components of ecological networks in the Oriental Hills of Bogotá, along a gradient from wild to built nature. Name as The Bogotá Ecological and Recreational Corridor (C.E.R.) is based on three strategies: first a social being the largest border agreement with 53 km, along the entire eastern limit of the city. Second the biophysical which involves restoration of ecosystem, and third the socio-spatial which includes infrastructure for making an open air museum for integration and urban limit. The ultimate aim of the approach is to contribute as a pilot proposal in biodiversity managment and cultural transformation in ecological issues for the inhabitants.Богота, столица Республики Колумбия, – тропический город, расположенный в высокогорье в 2 650 м над уровнем моря. Этот 25-ый по величине город в мире считается также одним из самых высокогорных. Предложен проект интеграции компонентов экологических сетей в Восточных холмах Боготы, связанный с плавным переходом от дикой природы к застроенной среде. Проект «Эколого-рекреационный коридор Боготы» (ЭРК) основан на трех стратегиях. Первая – социальная, подразумевающая соглашение о большой границе вдоль восточных пределов городской черты протяженностью 53 км. Вторая – биофизическая – связана с восстановлением экосистемы. Третья – социально-пространственная, она касается инфраструктуры, необходимой для создания музея под открытым небом. Данный подход должен внести свой вклад в управление биоразнообразием и культурной трансформацией, принося пользу экологии и местным жителям

Общественное пространство библиотеки Хулио Марио Санто-Доминго

Public Libraries located in Bogotá the capital of the Republic of at 2650 m above sea level made a good contribution to public space in the northen districts with limited public and green spaces. More than a library public space offers possibilities to young people to have a nice green and permeable space full of native nature. The ultimate aim of the design is to contribute as a proposal in introducing biodiversity giving value to the spontaneous and wild forgotten species as well as recicled materials.Общественные библиотеки Боготы (столицы Республики Колумбия, расположенной в 2650 метрах над уровнем моря) внесли существенный вклад в развитие общественных пространств северных районов города, имеющих весьма ограниченное количество общественных и зеленых зон. Кроме функций библиотеки, данное общественное пространство предоставляет молодым людям доступ к зеленой территории, где в изобилии представлена местная природа. В проекте, основанном на биоразнообразии, отдается предпочтение забытым видам дикорастущих растений и повторно используемым материалам

La Estructura Ecologica Principal en lo local. Propuesta de aplicacion en la renovacion urbana de Fenicia, Las Aguas, Bogota

Con base en la integración de los elementos que históricamente han sido definidos como parte de la Estructura Ecológica Principal, tales como áreas protegidas, redes ecológicas e infraestructura verde, se propone un modelo de planificación local para la renovación urbana de Fenicia, como ejemplo de diseño para la re-naturalización en el borde urbano de Bogotá. Se incluyen elementos de planificación, de diseño de espacio público verde y de recuperación y promoción de biodiversidad urbana, como ejemplo para superar la tensión de usos del suelo contrastados y usualmente en el borde urbano

El espacio público visto por los niños y los jóvenes

El presente artículo resume parte de la investigación realizada para el IDEP con el objetivo de mostrar la relación que une a los derechos colectivos, entre los cuales el espacio público integra otros como el patrimonio cultural, medio ambiente y ética pública, con la “pedagogía ciudadana” y con la formación de los niños y adolescentes en edad escolar. Se resalta la importancia de lacomprensión integral del concepto de espacio público, que involucra no solamente su función de configurador de la ciudad sino también la de fusión sociocultural, ambiental, histórica y simbólica. Dentro de él se ven claramente tres componentes: el espacial y funcional, que habla de su estructura y composición; los valores patrimoniales tangibles e intangibles, y los valores éticos —de comportamiento adecuado con el lugar y con los otros—. El propósito es el de enseñarle a los niños estos temas, con su grado de complejidad según su escolaridad, mediante actividades lúdicas en espacios públicos, conociendo sitios, dibujando, realizando ejercicios sobre propuestas hechas por ellos, de manera que los concientice sobre valores éticos más complejos; estos ejemplosse ven en varios lugares del mundo, una nueva forma de enseñar a través del juego, la pintura, la literatura, el juego de actuaciones

El espacio público visto por los niños y los jóvenes

El presente artículo resume parte de la investigación realizada para el IDEP con el objetivo de mostrar la relación que une a los derechos colectivos, entre los cuales el espacio público integra otros como el patrimonio cultural, medio ambiente y ética pública, con la “pedagogía ciudadana” y con la formación de los niños y adolescentes en edad escolar. Se resalta la importancia de la comprensión integral del concepto de espacio público, que involucra no solamente su función de configurador de la ciudad sino también la de fusión sociocultural, ambiental, histórica y simbólica. Dentro de él se ven claramente tres componentes: el espacial y funcional, que habla de su estructura y composición; los valores patrimoniales tangibles e intangibles, y los valores éticos —de comportamiento adecuado con el lugar y con los otros—. El propósito es el de enseñarle a los niños estos temas, con su grado de complejidad según su escolaridad, mediante actividades lúdicas en espacios públicos, conociendo sitios, dibujando, realizando ejercicios sobre propuestas hechas por ellos, de manera que los concientice sobre valores éticos más complejos; estos ejemplos se ven en varios lugares del mundo, una nueva forma de enseñar a través del juego, la pintura, la literatura, el juego de actuaciones

Platform for a Hydrocarbon Exhaust Gas Sensor Utilizing a Pumping Cell and a Conductometric Sensor

Very often, high-temperature operated gas sensors are cross-sensitive to oxygen and/or they cannot be operated in oxygen-deficient (rich) atmospheres. For instance, some metal oxides like Ga2O3 or doped SrTiO3 are excellent materials for conductometric hydrocarbon detection in the rough atmosphere of automotive exhausts, but have to be operated preferably at a constant oxygen concentration. We propose a modular sensor platform that combines a conductometric two-sensor-setup with an electrochemical pumping cell made of YSZ to establish a constant oxygen concentration in the ambient of the conductometric sensor film. In this paper, the platform is introduced, the two-sensor-setup is integrated into this new design, and sensing performance is characterized. Such a platform can be used for other sensor principles as well

First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) and tenofovir in a subset of African children enrolled in the CHAPAS-4 trial. METHODS: Children aged 3-15 years with human immunodeficiency virus infection failing first-line antiretroviral therapy were randomized to emtricitabine/TAF versus standard-of-care nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor combination, plus dolutegravir, atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or lopinavir/ritonavir. Daily emtricitabine/TAF was dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended weight bands: 120/15 mg in children weighing 14 to <25 kg and 200/25 mg in those weighing ≥25 kg. At steady state, 8-9 blood samples were taken to construct pharmacokinetic curves. Geometric mean (GM) area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the maximum concentration (Cmax) were calculated for TAF and tenofovir and compared to reference exposures in adults. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic results from 104 children taking TAF were analyzed. GM (coefficient of variation [CV%]) TAF AUClast when combined with dolutegravir (n = 18), darunavir/ritonavir (n = 34), or lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 20) were 284.5 (79), 232.0 (61), and 210.2 (98) ng*hour/mL, respectively, and were comparable to adult reference values. When combined with atazanavir/ritonavir (n = 32), TAF AUClast increased to 511.4 (68) ng*hour/mL. For each combination, tenofovir GM (CV%) AUCtau and Cmax remained below reference values in adults taking 25 mg TAF with a boosted protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: In children, TAF combined with boosted PIs or dolutegravir and dosed according to WHO-recommended weight bands provides TAF and tenofovir concentrations previously demonstrated to be well tolerated and effective in adults. These data provide the first evidence for use of these combinations in African children. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ISRCTN22964075

Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs in Children With Tuberculosis, Using World Health Organization-Recommended Weight Band Doses and Formulations.

BACKGROUND: Dispersible pediatric fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets delivering higher doses of first-line antituberculosis drugs in World Health Organization-recommended weight bands were introduced in 2015. We report the first pharmacokinetic data for these FDC tablets in Zambian and South African children in the treatment-shortening SHINE trial. METHODS: Children weighing 4.0-7.9, 8.0-11.9, 12.0-15.9, or 16.0-24.9 kg received 1, 2, 3, or 4 tablets daily, respectively (rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide [75/50/150 mg], with or without 100 mg ethambutol, or rifampicin/isoniazid [75/50 mg]). Children 25.0-36.9 kg received doses recommended for adults <37 kg (300, 150, 800, and 550 mg/d, respectively, for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol). Pharmacokinetics were evaluated after at least 2 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: In the 77 children evaluated, the median age (interquartile range) was 3.7 (1.4-6.6) years; 40 (52%) were male and 20 (26%) were human immunodeficiency virus positive. The median area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol was 32.5 (interquartile range, 20.1-45.1), 16.7 (9.2-25.9), 317 (263-399), and 9.5 (7.5-11.5) mg⋅h/L, respectively, and lower in children than in adults for rifampicin in the 4.0-7.9-, 8-11.9-, and ≥25-kg weight bands, isoniazid in the 4.0-7.9-kg and ≥25-kg weight bands, and ethambutol in all 5 weight bands. Pyrazinamide exposures were similar to those in adults. CONCLUSIONS: Recommended weight band-based FDC doses result in lower drug exposures in children in lower weight bands and in those ≥25 kg (receiving adult doses). Further adjustments to current doses are needed to match current target exposures in adults. The use of ethambutol at the current World Health Organization-recommended doses requires further evaluation

Multicentric study of cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus testing and assessment of triage methods in Latin America : the ESTAMPA screening study protocol

Q1Q1Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is replacing cytology in primary screening. Its limited specificity demands using a second (triage) test to better identify women at high-risk of cervical disease. Cytology represents the immediate triage but its low sensitivity might hamper HPV testing sensitivity, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where cytology performance has been suboptimal. The ESTAMPA (EStudio multicéntrico de TAMizaje y triaje de cáncer de cuello uterino con pruebas del virus del PApiloma humano; Spanish acronym) study will: (1) evaluate the performance of different triage techniques to detect cervical precancer and (2) inform on how to implement HPV-based screening programmes in LMIC. Methods and analysis Women aged 30–64 years are screened with HPV testing and Pap across 12 study centres in Latin America. Screened positives have colposcopy with biopsy and treatment of lesions. Women with no evident disease are recalled 18 months later for another HPV test; those HPV-positive undergo colposcopy with biopsy and treatment as needed. Biological specimens are collected in different visits for triage testing, which is not used for clinical management. The study outcome is histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial or worse lesions (HSIL+) under the lower anogenital squamous terminology. About 50 000 women will be screened and 500 HSIL+ cases detected (at initial and 18 months screening). Performance measures (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of triage techniques to detect HSIL+ will be estimated and compared with adjustment by age and study centre. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), of the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) and by those in each participating centre. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) has been established to monitor progress of the study, assure participant safety, advice on scientific conduct and analysis and suggest protocol improvements. Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific meetings. Trial registration number NCT01881659Revista Internacional - Indexad