47 research outputs found
Rancang Bangun Pabrik Pengolahan Kulit Kelinci Menjadi Kulit Kelinci Berbulu Samak Krom Skala Kecil
This paper is prepared for a design of a small scale chorme tanning factory, processing fur rabbit leather. The capacity of it will be 200 pieces/day green rabbit skin. This factory will be profitable in the view of techno – economical calculations are as follows : the total capital is fixed capital + working capital = Rp 49.276.532,00 the total production cost is variable cost for a year + fixed cost for a year = Rp. 41.241.203,76 variable cost for a year consists of raw material, packing, chemical/supplement material electricity, fixed cost of a year consists of labour salaries, capital interest, maintenance, depreciation and general expences; the manufacturing cost is the total production divided by production capacity = Rp. 700,85 / sq. ft; the profit calculation before taxing is Rp. 14.682.636,24, after taxing id Rp. 11.746.108,99; the pay out period calculation consists of the percentage of profit to return the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 29,80 %, 3 years, after taxing 3 years 8 months; the break even point calculations is the break even point is the Rp. 28.768.403,47 the percentage of break even point is 51,44 % and the capacity of break even point is 30.281,29 sq. ft. NBThe price of calculations above at the 1987
Rancang Bangun Pabrik Pengamakan Kulit Sapi Untuk Tas / Koper Samak Nabati Skala Kecil
This paper is prepared for a design of a small scale vegetable tanning factory, to produce leather for bag or suitcase. The capacity of it will be 22 pieces/day dry cow hides. This factory economical calculations are as follows : the total capital is fixed capital + working capital + Rp 80.196.170,00, the total production cost is variable cost a year + fixed cost a year = Rp 124.479.754,60, variable cost for a year consists of raw material, packing, chemical/supplement material, fuel, electricity and split cost, fixed cost for a year consists of labour salaries, capital interest, maintenance, depreciation and general expences; the manufacturing cost is the total production cost divided by production capacity = Rp 785.86/ sq ft; the profit calculation before taxing is Rp 33.920.245,40, after taxing is Rp 27.136.196,40, the pay out period calculation consists of the percentage of profit to return the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 42.29 %, after taxing is 33.84 % and the pay out period before taxing 2 year 2 months, after taxing 2 years 8 months; the break even calculation consists of the break even point is Rp 66.686.147,56, the percentage of break even point is 42.23 % and the capacity of break even point is 66 892 sq ft
Rancang Bangun Industri Penyamakan Kulit Buaya Skala Kecil
This paper is prepared for a design of a small scales crocodile skins tanning factory, to produce leather for leather goods.The capacity of it will be 10 pieces/day wet salted crocodile skins.This factory will be profitable in the view of techno – economical aspect. The economical calculation are as follows : the total capital is fixed capital + working capital Rp. 138.149.750,78 the total production cost is variable cost a year + fixed cost a year = Rp.140.115.913,40 the variable cost for a year consists of labour salaries, maintenance, capital interest, depreciation and general expences ; the manufacturing cost is the total production cost divided by production capacity = Rp.48.651,36/piece.The profit calculation before taxing is Rp.49.964.086,60 after taxing is Rp.39.971.269,30. The pay out period calculation consists of the percentage of profit to return the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 36,17% and after taxing is 28,93%; the pay out period before taxing 2 years 8 months, after taxing 3 years 3 months.The break even calculation consists of the break even point is Rp.77.306.648,33, the percentage of break even point is 40,67% and the capacity of break even points is 1.171 pieces
Pengaruh Penggunaan Pankreas Sapi Dan Dua Jenis Bahan Penyamak Terhadap Kualitas Fisik Kulit Skrotum Kambing
The pancreas of cow was applied as bating agent for wet-salted scrotum skins of goat. The bated skins were then applied with vetetable tanning, chrome-agent and the combination of both agents. The tanned skins were analyzed their tensile strength and elasticity. The results showed that there were significant differencis on those parameters. The tensile strength and elasticity of chrome tanned, vegetable tanned, and the combination of chrome and vegetable tanned-skins were 107,75 kg/cm2 and 100,5%; 56,83 kg/cm2 and 27,83 %; and 52,28 kg/cm2 and 55,67% respectively. The tensile strength and elasticity of tanned skins indicated a tendency to increase when the concentration of cow pancreas was increased up to 1.5 % and decreased when the concentration reaches 2 % for chrome tanned skins
Pengaruh Mimosa Pada Penyamakan Kulit Jaket Domba Samak Nabati Menggunakan Sistem C-RFP, Ditinjau Dari Sifat Organoleptis, Fisis, Dan Morfologi Kulit
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of mimosa, to manufacture environmentally friendly leather for jacket by using the C-RFP system (C=Conditioning, R=Rapid, F=Fass (drum), P=Powder), on physical, organoleptic, and morphology properties of leather. It was also to obtain a formula for vegetable tanning with C-RFP system. Pickled skins are conditioned (pre-tanning) using Sodotan TSN and Sodotan APR, and then Sodotan TSN was chosen due to it meets the requirements of SNI leather for jacket (SNI 4593:2011). Then, pickled skins were tanned with mimosa and applied C-RFP system or rapid tanning without water added. Mimosa, used in this research, were 15%, 20%, and 25% and fatliquor were 12.5%, 15%, and 17.5%. Furthermore, The leather were finished into an environmentally friendly leather for jackets, and then tested for physical and organoleptic properties based on the SNI 4593:2011 as well as leather morphology (SEM). The physical test result shows that for mimosa 15%, 20% and 25%, and for fatliquor 15% and 17.5% are fullfill the SNI
Hubungan Terpaan Sosialisasi Bpjs Kesehatan dan Sikap Masyarakat pada Program dengan Keputusan Masyarakat sebagai Peserta Bpjs Kesehatan
Dalam jangka waktu kurang lebih 4 bulan (Januari-April) BPJS Kesehatan telahmenjadi pemberitaan di berbagai media televisi maupun media cetak, dalam artikelnyamereka menuliskan beberapa tulisan mengenai BPJS Kesehatan yang membahas tentangkeluhan masyarakat mengenai sosialisasi program peralihan PT ASKES yang kini telahmenjadi BPJS Kesehatan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan terpaan sosialisasi BPJSKesehatan dan sikap masyarakat pada program dengan keputusan masyarakat untuk menjadipeserta BPJS Kesehatan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah warga Kecamatan Candisari,kelurahan Jatingaleh, RT 02 RW 03 dengan rentan usia 20-60 tahun. Responden yang terlibatdalam penelitian ini sebanyak 100 sampel. Didalam penelitian ini menggunakan teori difusiinovasidan Analisis yang digunakan adalah Analisis kuantitatif dengan menggunakanKorelasi kendall.Hasil dari analisis Korelasi kendall yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil bahwa antaravariabel (X1) dengan variabel (Y) terdapat hubungan yang signifikan. Hal ini ditunjukkanoleh nilai probabilitas kesalahan (sig) sebesar 0,037 yang lebih kecil dari 5% dan besarnyanilai koefisien korelasi adalah 0,179. Sedangkan variabel (X2) dan (Y) terdapat hubunganyang sangat signifikan. Hal itu ditunjukkan oleh nilai probabilitas kesalan (sig) sebesar 0,000yang lebih kecil dari sig 1%, dan nilai koefisien korelasi adalah 0,405. Variabel independenyang lebih memiliki hubungan ialah variabel sikap (0,405) yang terbukti memiliki hubunganpositif dengan variabel dependen yaitu keputusan sebagai peserta
Isolasi Dan Identifikasi Mikroorganisme Dalam Lumpur Aktif Pengolahan Limbah Industri Kulit
The aim of this research is to isolate and to identify the microorganisms that grow as activated sludge used in the tannery wastewater treatment plant. The result shows that the protozoa in the activated sludge were β mesosaprobik protozoa. Other microorganisms in the sludge were spherical – gram negative bacteria (Zoogloea) and cylindrical – gram positive bacterial (Sphaerotillus). It is therefore can be concluded that the wastewater which treated with the activated sludge was medium polluted condition. INTISARI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikro organisme yang tumbuh sebagai lumpur aktif yang digunakan dalam pengolahan limbah cair industry penyamakan kulit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan protozoa yang tumbuh dalam lumpur aktif yaitu protozoa kelompok β mesosaprobik. Selain itu juga terdapat bakteri gram negatif berbentuk bula (Zoogloea) dan bakteri gram positif berbentuk batang (Sphaerotillus). Dari isolasi dan identifikasi jenis mikroorganisme yang ada pada lumpur aktif dapat disimpulkan limbah cair yang diolah pada kondisi pencemaran tingkat sedang
Penelitian Pembuatan Motif “Batik Remukan” Pada Kulit Kras Samak Krom
Motif “Batik Remukan” on the leather shows the attarctive performance; since it has produced many diversifikasi of pattern on the leathergoods. The result of this experimental is to reach the attractive motif of “ Batik Remukan” used the composition of batik wax which its consist of kote ; paraffin = 1:5. INTISARI Motif batik remukan pada kulit dapat memberikan penampilan yang menarik, sehingga dapat menghasilkan diversifikasi corak pada barang-barang kulit yang diproduksi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa untuk mendapatkan motif batik remukan yang cukup menarik dipakai komposisi lilin batik yang terdiri dari kote : parafin = 1: 5
Pengaruh Mimosa Pada Penyamakan Kulit Jaket Domba Samak Nabati Menggunakan Sistem C-RFP, Ditinjau Dari Sifat Organoleptis, Fisis, Dan Morfologi Kulit
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of mimosa, to manufacture environmentally friendly leather for jacket by using the C-RFP system (C=Conditioning, R=Rapid, F=Fass (drum), P=Powder), on physical, organoleptic, and morphology properties of leather. It was also to obtain a formula for vegetable tanning with C-RFP system. Pickled skins are conditioned (pre-tanning) using Sodotan TSN and Sodotan APR, and then Sodotan TSN was chosen due to it meets the requirements of SNI leather for jacket (SNI 4593:2011). Then, pickled skins were tanned with mimosa and applied C-RFP system or rapid tanning without water added. Mimosa, used in this research, were 15%, 20%, and 25% and fatliquor were 12.5%, 15%, and 17.5%. Furthermore, The leather were finished into an environmentally friendly leather for jackets, and then tested for physical and organoleptic properties based on the SNI 4593:2011 as well as leather morphology (SEM). The physical test result shows that for mimosa 15%, 20% and 25%, and for fatliquor 15% and 17.5% are fullfill the SNI
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions