Penurunan kadar flavonoid dari biji kakao setelah fermentasi (theobroma cacao L).

Dalam biji kakao terdapat senyawa polifenol kira-kira 12-18% . Selama fermentasi dan pengeringan, terjadi perubahan kimia polifenol, yang mempengaruhi warna dan rasa kakao. Isolasi senyawa flavonoid, yang merupakan bagian dari senyawa polifenol, dari keping biji kakao lindak fermentasi 5 hari. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan campuran metanol dan air (9:1) dan campuran metanol dan air (1:1). Selanjutnya dilakukan hidrolisis menggunakan HC1 2N. Aglikon yang diperoleh diekstraksi dengan eter dan kemudian etil asetat. Pemurnian hasil dilakukan dengan rekristalisasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Analisa hasil dilakukan dengan metoda kromatografi lapis tipis dua dimensi menggunakan TBA (3:1:1) dan TBA (1:1:3) sebagai eluen. Spektroskopi ultraviolet-tampak, inframerah dan massa dilakukan untuk menentukan struktur hasil isolasi. Dari data yang diperoleh diduga bahwa senyawa hasil isolasi yang berupa padatan adalah theobromin. Sedangkan terhadap filtratnya dilakukan analisis Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi dengan metoda waktu retensi analit terhadap waktu retensi acuan pembandingan. Hasil analisis di atas menunjukkan bahwa dalam keping biji kakao lindak fermentasi 5 hari terjadi pengurangan kadar flavonoid dalam biji kakao yang masih menyumbang rasa menggigit dan pahit. In cocoa beans, polyphenols approximately consist of 12-18 % from whole weight. During fermentation and drying, chemical changes in polyphenol occur which affect the flavor and the colour of chocolate. Isolation of flavonoid compound, which is a part of polyphenol compound, from Forastero nib fermented 5 days. Extraction was done using methanol.: water (9:1) and methanol : water (1:1) as solvent. Then the hydrolisis was done using HC1 2N. Aglicon that we had was extracted with ether and followed by ethyl acetate. To get the pure product was done by recrystalisation using methanol and analyzed by two dimension chromathography method using TBA (3:1:1) and TBA (1:1:1) as eluent. To show the structure of the isolation product, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used. And suggested from the data, the compound is theobromin. Further, high pressure liquid chromathography was used to analyze the filtrate by a method of comparing retention time between reference and analyze retention time. This document is Undip Institutional Repository Collection. The author(s) or copyright owner(s) agree that UNDIP-IR may, without changing the content, translate the subrriission to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation. The author(s) or copyright owner(s) also agree that UNDIP-IR may keep more than one copy of this • subnlission for purposes of security, back-up and preservation. ( http://eprints.undip.ac.id

Studi Interferensi Besi dan Krom terhadap Analisis Nikel secara Spektrofotometer Atom dan Aplikasinya pada Limbah Elektroplating Seng

Penelitian studi pengaruh gangguan besi (Fe) dan krom (Cr) dalam analisis nikel (Ni) secara spek-trofotometer serapan atom dan aplikasinya pada limbah elektroplating seng telah dilakukan. Pengolahan data dilakukan secara statistik analisis variansi menggunakan rancangan faktorial dengan taraf kepercayaan 95 %. Variasi konsentrasi masing-masing Fe dan Cr adalah 0 ppm; 50 ppm; 500 ppm; 1.000 ppm dan 5.000 ppm da-lam larutan Ni 3,0 ppm. Gangguan spektral cenderung terjadi pada konsentrasi Fe 5.000 ppm terhadap pem-bacaan konsentrasi Ni. Konsentrasi Fe dibawah 5.000 ppm tidak terbukti berbeda nyata memberikan penga-ruh terhadap pembacaan konsentrasi Ni, sedangkan Cr terbukti memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap pembacaan konsentrasi Ni. Interaksi variasi konsentrasi Fe dan Cr terbukti memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap pembacaan konsentrasi Ni. Uji BNT menunjukkan perbedaan pembacaan kon-sentrasi Ni sebesar 0,296 ppm akan memberikan hasil yang berbeda nyata. Penurunan pembacaan konsentrasi Ni pada larutan yang mengandung Fe dan Cr disebabkan oleh gangguan kimiawi. Larutan elektroplating seng mengandung Ni 0,251 ppm, Fe 39,370 ppm dan Cr 5.370 ppm. Larutan simulasi studi gangguan yang men-gandung Fe 50 ppm dan Cr 5.000 ppm dimana variasi konsentrasi tersebut mendekati konsentrasi Fe dan Cr di limbah menunjukkan penurunan pembacaan konsentrasi Ni sebesar 32,19 %

Fixed-Bed Column for the Removal of Cd(II) from Aqueous by Hydroxyapatite from Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) Fish Bone

The Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) fish bone carried out. Hydroxyapatite is utilized for Cd(II) sorption from solution using a fixed-bed column. Hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersive, and Thermogravimetric. In fixed-bed column, the influence of bed height (5, 10, 15 cm) and flow rate (6, 8 and 10 mL/min) were studied. The highest adsorption capacity is obtained at a bed height of 15 cm, and a flow rate of 6 mL/min with adsorption capacity is 47.027 mg/g. The predicted by Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model obtained that value of R2 in the range 0.9964-0.9997. The adsorption capacity per unit volume ( is in the range 141.12-222.89 mg/L while  is in the range 0.0136-0.022 L/mg h. This indicates that BDST can be used to explain the performance of Cd(II) sorption onto hydroxyapatite by fix-bed column

Kinetic Parameters Investigation for The Esterification of Free Fatty Acid from Coconut Oil Mill Waste using Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon from Glucose Composite Catalyst

Coconut oil mill waste (CMW) contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content which potentially could be converted into a value-added product such as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). In this study, a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst was used to evaluate the kinetic parameter of FFA conversion from CMW into FAME. The characterization of FTIR and SEM-EDX confirmed that the -SO3H groups were successfully incorporated into montmorillonite- carbon catalyst. The highest catalyst acidity (9.4 mmol/g) was achieved by a ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 % w/w. The kinetic study using montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon 1:3 % w/w showed that the reaction temperature and molar ratio of methanol to FFA (% v/v) were positively correlated to the reaction rate. The highest rate constant of esterification towards the product (k1), reactant (k2), and equilibrium were 0.1187, 0.0595, and 1.995, achieved by a temperature of 80 ˚C, respectively. The Arrhenius constant and activation energy towards the product were 3.3085×106 and 50.3 J/mole, respectively. The reaction temperature was positively correlated to the equilibrium constant, which indicated that the reaction was endothermic. The kinetic model validation revealed that the predicted value from the model was adequately in accordance with the experimental value, as indicated by a high coefficient of determination

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions by bentonite-Fe3O4 magnetic

This study describes the co-precipitation synthesis of magnetic bentonite-Fe3O4 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Congo red pigments under visible light. Bentonite-Fe3O4 composites were produced using the mass ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 for bentonite to Fe3O4, respectively. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), BET surface area, Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV DRS) were used to characterize the materials. The bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) composite exhibited a greater surface area in comparison to the bentonite-Fe3O4 (2:1) composite with a measured value of 106.6 m2/g. It is a superparamagnetic material with a band gap of 2.25 eV and a saturation magnetization of 69.64 emu/g. The photocatalytic degradation of dye using bentonite-Fe3O4 (1:1) with the initial dye concentration of 25 mg/L, volume of 50 mL, catalyst dose of 0.05 g/L, addition of 3 mL H2O2, and 90 minutes of visible irradiation resulted in 94.34% and 98.45% degradation efficiency of methylene blue and Congo red dyes, respectively. The study determined that the most favorable pH for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was pH 11, whereas the optimal pH for Congo red was found at pH 5. For methylene blue and Congo red dyes, photocatalytic degradation followed pseudo-first-order with the constant rates of 0.0356 min-1 and 0.0348 min-1, respectively. After five cycles of use in the photocatalytic process, the catalyst's degradation efficiency fell into below 5%. This research demonstrated that catalysts could be utilized in wastewater treatment technology

The Synthesis of MnFe2O4-Activated Carbon Composite for Removal of Methyl Red From Aqueous Solution

In this study, MnFe2O4-activated carbon composite was synthesized by co-precipitation method and applied to adsorb methyl red dye. MnFe2O4-activated carbon composite was made with the mass ratio of activated carbon and MnFe2O4 of 1:2. The composite characterization by using X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Micrograph, and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, the surface area using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller and magnetic properties by using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. The adsorption parameters include contact time, and adsorbent weight. The spectra of FTIR MnFe2O4-activated carbon composite analysis show the presence of Fe-O and Mn-O which is not present in the spectra of activated carbon. SEM analysis shows that the composite has pores and MnFe2O4 oxides are spread on its surface. The composition of the composite consists of C, O, Fe, and Mn. The composite has a surface area of 143.992 smaller than that of the activated carbon of 217.697 m2/g. However, the composite has magnetic properties with the saturatization magnetization of 17.91 emu/g. The optimum condition of the composite for adsorption of methyl red was obtained at a weight of 0.15 g, and contact time of 100 minutes. The adsorption of the composite was in accordance by pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherms with adsorption capacity of 81.97 mg/g

Conversion of crude palm oil to biofuels via catalytic hydrocracking over NiN-supported natural bentonite

Nickel nitride supported on natural bentonite was prepared and tested for hydrocracking Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The catalyst was prepared using the wet impregnation method and various nickel nitride loading. Subsequently, the nickel nitrate-bentonite was calcined and nitrided under H2 steam. The surface acidity of as-synthesized NiN-bentonite was evaluated using the gravimetric pyridine gas. Meanwhile, the physiochemical features of the catalyst were assessed using XRD, FT-IR and SEM-EDX. The results showed that the NiN species was finely dispersed without affecting the bentonite's structure. Furthermore, the co-existence of Ni and N species on EDX analysis suggested the NiN was successfully supported onto the bentonite, while the surface acidity features of raw bentonite were increased to 1.713 mmol pyridine/g at 8 mEq/g of nickel nitride loading. The catalytic activity towards the CPO hydrocracking demonstrated that the surface acidity features affect the CPO conversion, with the highest conversion achieved (84.21%) using NiN-bentonite 8 mEq/g loading. At all nickel nitride loading, the NiN-bentonite could generate up to 81.98–83.47% of bio-kerosene fraction, followed by the bio-gasoline ranging from 13.12–13.9%, and fuel oil ranging from 2.89–4.57%

PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PENANAMAN TANAMAN BUAH SIRSAK SEBAGAI TANAMAN OBAT KELUARGA (TOGA) DAN PEMBUATAN RAMUAN OBAT DARI TANAMAN BUAH SIRSAK UNTUK MENGOBATI BERAGAM PENYAKIT

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat Dana DIPA UNSRI dengan model kegiatan pemberdayaan dan metode pembinaan sikap/kesadaran dengan judul ”PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PENANAMAN TANAMAN BUAH SIRSAK SEBAGAI TANAMAN OBAT KELUARGA (TOGA) DAN PEMBUATAN RAMUAN OBAT DARITANAMAN BUAH SIRSAK UNTUK MENGOBATI BERAGAM PENYAKIT” telah dilaksanakan. Tim pelaksana terdiri dari 2 orang dosen dan dibantu 2 orang mahasiswa dan 2 orang alumni sebagai pembantu pelaksana. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh 20 orang ibu rumah tangga RT 10 Kelurahan Indralaya Mulya Ogan Ilir sebagai khalayak sasaran. Output Kegiatan ini adalah 20 pot tanaman obat keluarga (TOGA) di halaman rumah dan resep ramuan obat untuk penyakit kanker, asam urat, kolesterol, ambeien, infeksi kandung kemih, infeksi saluran kemih dan sakit pinggang.Di masa sekarang, kehidupan masyarakat semakin berat, semuanya dituntut serba cepat dan instan. Tuntutan hidup semakin tinggi, sedangkan penghasilan tak sesuai. Dengan pola hidup yang tidak sehat dan beban pikiran yang berat, akan memicu timbulnya berbagai macam penyakit. Dengan penghasilan yang pas-pasan, akan mempersulit masyarakat untuk leluasa berobat, dimana kita ketahui sekarang ini biaya pengobatan kesehatan tidaklah murah. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu diberikan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan dalam pemanfaatan halaman rumah dengan penanaman tanaman obat keluarga (TOGA), dalam hal ini adalah tanaman buah Sirsak.Tanaman buah sirsak dapat tumbuh baik ditanam di tanah maupun di dalam pot besar, sehingga masyarakat yang tak memiliki pekaranganpun masih dapat menanam tanaman buah sirsak di halaman rumahnya. Tanaman buah sirsak (Annona muricata L.) merupakan tanaman yang selain buahnya yang dapat dimakan, telah diteliti orang bahwa setiap bagian tanaman buah sirsak (daun, kulit kayu, bunga dan biji) sangat berkhasiat untuk menyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit. Berdasarkan riset terhadap kandungan fitokimia sirsak, tanaman ini mempunyai khasiat untuk pengobatan beragam penyakit. Hal ini dikarenakan tanaman sirsak bersifat sebagai antibakteri, antivirus, antikanker, antitumor, antiparasit, antimalaria, hipotensif (zat yang bersifat menurunkan tekanan darah), insektisida, vasodilator (zat yang bersifat melebarkan pembuluh darah), diuretik, pestisida ds