Surprise and error: Common neuronal architecture for the processing of errors and novelty

According to recent accounts, the processing of errors and generally infrequent, surprising (novel) events share a common neuroanat-omical substrate. Direct empirical evidence for this common processing network in humans is, however, scarce. To test this hypothesis, we administered a hybrid error-monitoring/novelty-oddball task in which the frequency of novel, surprising trials was dynamically matched to the frequency of errors. Using scalp electroencephalographic recordings and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared neural responses to errors with neural responses to novel events. In Experiment 1, independent component analysis of scalp ERP data revealed a common neural generator implicated in the generation of both the error-related negativity (ERN) and the novelty-related frontocentral N2. In Experiment 2, this pattern was confirmed by a conjunction analysis of event-related fMRI, which showed significantly elevated BOLD activity following both types of trials in the posterior medial frontal cortex, including the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), the neuronal generator of the ERN. Together, these findings provide direct evidence of a common neural system underlying the processing of errors and novel events. This appears to be at odds with prominent theories of the ERN and aMCC. Inparticular, there inforcement learning theory of the ERN may need to be modified because it may not suffice as a fully integrative model of aMCC function. Whenever course and outcome of anaction violates expectancies (not necessarily related to reward), the aMCC seems to be engaged in evaluating the necessity of behavioral adaptation. © 2012 the authors

Особенности формирования изотопно-модифицированных частиц в плазме в условиях постоянного магнитного поля

Цель работы – исследование влияния внешнего постоянного слабого магнитного поля на размеры наночастиц, формируемых в газовой фазе в результате лазерного пробоя из подложки из оксидной керамики. В результате исследования построена феноменологическая модель протекающих процессов и проведен анализ размеров микрочастиц для верификации теории.The aim of this work is studying the effect of an external constant weak magnetic field on the size of nanoparticles formed in the gas phase as a result of laser-induced breakdown from an oxide ceramic substrate. As a result of the research, a phenomenological model of the processes was created and the size of microparticles was analyzed to verify the theory

A CDMO perspective toward the implementation of continuous bioprocessing stand- alone and integrated offerings

The challenge involved in integrating unit operations for continuous bioprocessing is a significant impediment to implementation of the technology in the industry. The benefit of continuous bioprocessing can be better understood when the components of the technology are analyzed under multiple factors including modalities, protein quality attributes and stability, specific productivity and overall cost-benefit of implementation and operation of the technology. Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (CDMO) need to provide a portfolio of offerings that cover the needs of diverse groups and process needs. For example, processes with lower productivity and unstable molecules can benefit from a perfusion system while more stable molecules with high productivity may need to focus on the benefits of a continuous capture to address a potential bottleneck on the downstream. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Технологические решения для строительства разведочной вертикальной скважины глубиной 3110 метров на газовом месторождении (Тюменская область)

Технологические решения для строительства разведочной вертикальной скважины глубиной 3100 метров на нефтяном месторождении (Тюменской области).Technological solutions for the construction of an exploratory vertical well depth of 3110 meters at an oil field (Tumen region)

Технологические решения для строительства разведочной вертикальной скважины глубиной 2200 метров на нефтяном месторождении (Томская область)

Цель работы — проектирование и строительства разведочной скважины глубиной 2200 метров. В процессе работы был составлен проект на строительство разведочной скважины на глубиной 2200 м. Разработаны мероприятия по организации строительству, охране труда и окружающей среды. В работе рассмотрен вопрос о возможности применения яссов. Дипломная работа выполнена с учетом современных достижений в области техники и технологии строительства нефтяных скважин.The purpose of the work is the design and construction of an exploration well with a depth of 2,200 meters. In the process, a project was drawn up for the construction of an exploration well at a depth of 2,200 m. Developed measures for the organization of construction, labor and environmental protection. The paper considered the possibility of using jars. The diploma work was carried out taking into account modern achievements in the field of engineering and technology of construction of oil wells

CD8+ T cells specific for a potential HLA-A*0201 epitope from Chlamydophila pneumoniae are present in the PBMCs from infected patients

Infection with the common pathogen Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cpn, previously Chlamydia pneumoniae) has a high prevalence in patients suffering from arteriosclerosis and may trigger or contribute to heart disease. In mice, CD8-positive T cells are critical for the eradication of the infection and the development of immune memory against Cpn. Although several H2-class I epitopes have been described, no HLA-class I-associated peptides from Cpn are known. In order to define HLA-A*0201 epitopes from Cpn, we focused on the bacterial heat shock proteins (HSP) 60 and 70 which are known to be recognized by the immune system. Using epitope prediction, peptide binding studies and peptide-specific CTLs from HLA-A2 transgenic mice, we could define a potential HSP-70-derived epitope. The study of PBMCs from Cpn-infected individuals using fluorescent MHC tetramers revealed that some patients have CD8+ T cells capable of recognizing the Cpn HSP-70 HLA-A*0201 epitope. Our studies pave the way to the immunomonitoring of the anti-Cpn CTL immune response present in patients suffering from different diseases potentially linked to Cpn or anti-Cpn immunit

Habitual physical activity in patients born with oesophageal atresia: a multicenter cross-sectional study and comparison to a healthy reference cohort matched for gender and age

Oesophageal atresia (EA) is associated with life-long gastrointestinal and respiratory morbidity and other associated malformations. The aim of this study is to compare physical activity (PA) levels of children and adolescents with and without EA. A validated questionnaire (MoMo-PAQ) was used to evaluate PA in EA patients EA (4–17 years), who were randomly matched for gender and age (1:5) with a representative sample of the Motorik-Modul Longitudinal Study (n = 6233). Sports activity per week (sports index) and minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week (MVPA minutes) were calculated. Correlations between PA and medical factors were analysed. In total, 104 patients and 520 controls were included. Children with EA were significantly less active at higher intensities (mean MPVA minutes 462; 95% confidence interval (CI): 370–554) compared to controls (626; 95% CI: 576–676), although there was no statistically significant difference in the sports index (187; 95% CI: 156–220 versus 220; 95% CI: 203–237). A lower mean weight-for-age and height-for-age, additional urogenital (r =  − 0.20, p = 0.04) or anorectal malformation (r =  − 0.24, p = 0.01) were associated with fewer MVPA minutes. For other medical factors (prematurity, type of repair, congenital heart disease, skeletal malformation or symptom load), no statistically significant association with PA was found. Conclusion: EA patients participated in PA at a similar level but lower intensities compared to the reference cohort. PA in EA patients was largely independent of medical factors

Electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring and feedback processing in second language learning

Humans monitor their behavior to optimize performance, which presumably relies on stable representations of correct responses. During second language (L2) learning, however, stable representations have yet to be formed while knowledge of the first language (L1) can interfere with learning, which in some cases results in persistent errors. In order to examine how correct L2 representations are stabilized, this study examined performance monitoring in the learning process of second language learners for a feature that conflicts with their first language. Using EEG, we investigated if L2 learners in a feedback-guided word gender assignment task showed signs of error detection in the form of an error-related negativity (ERN) before and after receiving feedback, and how feedback is processed. The results indicated that initially, response-locked negativities for correct (CRN) and incorrect (ERN) responses were of similar size, showing a lack of internal error detection when L2 representations are unstable. As behavioral performance improved following feedback, the ERN became larger than the CRN, pointing to the first signs of successful error detection. Additionally, we observed a second negativity following the ERN/CRN components, the amplitude of which followed a similar pattern as the previous negativities. Feedback-locked data indicated robust FRN and P300 effects in response to negative feedback across different rounds, demonstrating that feedback remained important in order to update memory representations during learning. We thus show that initially, L2 representations may often not be stable enough to warrant successful error monitoring, but can be stabilized through repeated feedback, which means that the brain is able to overcome L1 interference, and can learn to detect errors internally after a short training session. The results contribute a different perspective to the discussion on changes in ERN and FRN components in relation to learning, by extending the investigation of these effects to the language learning domain. Furthermore, these findings provide a further characterization of the online learning process of L2 learners