Mål- og resultatstyring i grunnskolen: Bidrar mål- og resultatstyring til gode resultater?

Mål- og resultatstyring har blitt innført i mange norske kommuner som et verktøy for å virkeliggjøre kommunens strategi og kvalitetssikre kommunens tjenester. Forskningsspørsmålet i denne oppgaven har vært om bruk av mål- og resultatstyring faktisk bidrar til gode resultater. Forskningsobjektet har vært grunnskolesektoren, representert ved et utvalg av skoler med ungdomstrinn (8.-10. trinn). Rektorene ble stilt spørsmål om graden av mål- og resultatstyring både i forhold til den kommunale ledelsen og internt i skolene, og svarene sammenlignet med skolens resultater i nasjonale prøver. I analysene er det forsøkt å kontrollere for relevante bakgrunnsvariabler som også kan påvirke resultatene. Skolens resultater ble representert av tre variabler: Gjennomsnittsresultatene fra nasjonale prøver på 9. trinn i 2012, utviklingen i resultater fra nasjonale prøver på 8. trinn fra 2008 til 2012, og utviklingen i resultatene til et årskull som tok nasjonale prøver på 8. trinn i 2011 og på 9. trinn i 2012. Analysen støtter noen tidligere funn, bl.a. at utdanningsnivået i befolkningen er den viktigste faktoren for å forklare elevenes resultatoppnåelse. Allikevel er det noe som tyder på at bruk av mål- og resultatstyring kan ha betydning for utviklingen av skolenes resultater over tid. I tillegg viser det seg at skoler hvor rektoren har tatt en egen rektorutdannelse har en bedre utvikling over tid enn andre. På den andre siden er det en negativ sammenheng mellom bruk av mål- og resultatstyring internt i skolen, og resultatoppnåelsen. Dette kan bero på at skoler med svakere resultater har mer behov for aktiv styring.Master i styring og ledels

UK guideline for the use of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Following Sexual Exposure, 2015.

We present the updated British Association for Sexual Health and HIV guidelines for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposure (PEPSE). This document includes a review of the current data to support the use of PEPSE, considers how to calculate the risks of infection after a potential exposure, and provides recommendations on when PEPSE should and should not be considered. We also review which medications to use for PEPSE, provide a checklist for initial assessment, and make recommendations for monitoring individuals receiving PEPSE. Special scenarios, cost-effectiveness of PEPSE, and issues relating to service provision are also discussed. Throughout the document, the place of PEPSE within the broader context of other HIV prevention strategies is considered

A descriptive study of feelings of arrested escape (entrapment) and arrested anger in people presenting to an emergency department following an episode of self-harm.

To explore the role of elevated feelings of anger and desires to escape (fight/flight), which are experienced as inhibited, blocked, and arrested (i.e., arrested anger and arrested flight/escape leading to feelings of entrapment). This descriptive study developed measures of arrested anger and arrested flight and explored these in the context of a recent self-harm event in people presenting to a Hospital’s Emergency Department (ED).N/

Diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, and fever among children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Several years of war have created a humanitarian crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with extensive disruption of civil society, the economy and provision of basic services including health care. Health policy and planning in the DRC are constrained by a lack of reliable and accessible population data. Thus there is currently a need for primary research to guide programme and policy development for reconstruction and to measure attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This study uses the 2001 Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey to disentangle children's health inequalities by mapping the impact of geographical distribution of childhood morbidity stemming from diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, and fever. We observe a low prevalence of childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and fever in the western provinces (Kinshasa, Bas-Congo and Bandundu), and a relatively higher prevalence in the south-eastern provinces (Sud-Kivu and Katanga). However, each disease has a distinct geographical pattern of variation. Among covariate factors, child age had a significant association with disease prevalence. The risk of the three ailments increased in the first 8–10 months after birth, with a gradual improvement thereafter. The effects of socioeconomic factors vary according to the disease. Accounting for the effects of the geographical location, our analysis was able to explain a significant share of the pronounced residual geographical effects. Using large scale household survey data, we have produced for the first time spatial residual maps in the DRC and in so doing we have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of geographical variation at province level of childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, and fever prevalence. Understanding these complex relationships through disease prevalence maps can facilitate design of targeted intervention programs for reconstruction and achievement of the MDGs

Making Sense of Blockchain Applications:A Typology for HCI

Blockchain is an emerging infrastructural technology that is proposed to fundamentally transform the ways in which people transact, trust, collaborate, organize and identify themselves. In this paper, we construct a typology of emerging blockchain applications, consider the domains in which they are applied, and identify distinguishing features of this new technology. We argue that there is a unique role for the HCI community in linking the design and application of blockchain technology towards lived experience and the articulation of human values. In particular, we note how the accounting of transactions, a trust in immutable code and algorithms, and the leveraging of distributed crowds and publics around vast interoperable databases all relate to longstanding issues of importance for the field. We conclude by highlighting core conceptual and methodological challenges for HCI researchers beginning to work with blockchain and distributed ledger technologies

Potential for rapid antibody detection to identify tuberculous cattle with non-reactive tuberculin skin test results

Abstract Background Bovine tuberculosis (TB) control programs generally rely on the tuberculin skin test (TST) for ante-mortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Results Present findings demonstrate that a rapid antibody test based on Dual-Path Platform (DPP®) technology, when applied 1-3 weeks after TST, detected 9 of 11 and 34 of 52 TST non-reactive yet M. bovis-infected cattle from the US and GB, respectively. The specificity of the assay ranged from 98.9% (n = 92, US) to 96.0% (n = 50, GB) with samples from TB-free herds. Multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) revealed the presence of antibodies to multiple antigens of M. bovis in sera from TST non-reactors diagnosed with TB. Conclusions Thus, use of serologic assays in series with TST can identify a significant number of TST non-reactive tuberculous cattle for more efficient removal from TB-affected herds

Immunotherapy with Canarypox Vaccine and Interleukin-2 for HIV-1 Infection: Termination of a Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether immunotherapy of chronic HIV-1 infection can prevent or attenuate viremia upon antiviral discontinuation. DESIGN: This was a Phase II randomized, partially double blinded, 2×2 factorial study of three steps of 12 wk/step. Step I involved four groups: (1) vaccine placebo, (2) vaccine (ALVAC, vCP1452), (3) placebo + interleukin 2 (IL-2), and (4) vaccine + IL-2. Step II involved a 12-wk diagnostic treatment interruption (DTI). Step III involved an extension of the DTI for an additional 12 wk. SETTING: The Weill-Cornell General Clinical Research Center. PARTICIPANTS: Chronically infected HIV-1 positive adults with undetectable HIV-1 levels and > 400 CD4(+) T cells/μl. INTERVENTIONS: An HIV canarypox vaccine (vCP1452) and vaccine placebo, administered every 4 wk for four doses, and low-dose IL-2 administered daily for 12–24 wk. OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary endpoints: (1) Proportion of participants with undetectable plasma HIV RNA during trial Step II, (2) mean log(10) HIV RNA copies/ml ([HIV]) from weeks 21–25, and (3) proportion of individuals eligible for trial Step III. RESULTS: 44 participants were randomized, but 16 withdrew or were withdrawn before completing Step II. As all participants underwent viral relapse in Step II, the study was terminated after 28 participants completed Step II. Among the four groups, there was no difference in mean [HIV] or the proportion of individuals with < log(10) 4.48 HIV; no difference between the mean [HIV] of the two groups that received ALVAC (n = 17) versus placebo (n = 11); and no significant difference between the mean [HIV] of the two groups that received IL-2 (n = 11) versus placebo (n = 17). CONCLUSIONS: Neither ALVAC (vCP1452) nor low-dose daily IL-2 nor their combination prevented the relapse of viremia upon discontinuation of antiviral therapy