The crowdfunding business model in Poland and sustainable development – value transfer

Cel – Celem badań jest wykazanie transferu wartości w modelu biznesowym przedsiębiorstw korzystających z crowdfundingu w Polsce w oparciu o ideę zrównoważonego rozwoju w prowadzeniu biznesu. Metoda badań – Przeprowadzono badanie ankietowe na grupie 121 przedsiębiorstw korzystających z crowdfundingu. Badanie to zostało przeprowadzone w oparciu o wartości Nortona i Kaplana. Wyniki badań ankietowych pozwoliły na opracowanie modelu przepływu wartości zgodnie z koncepcją E3 oraz ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju w prowadzeniu biznesu. Wnioski – Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że najważniejszą perspektywą wartości crowdfundingu jest perspektywa finansowa i procesowa, zaś biorąc pod uwagę model crowdfundingu w powiązaniu z koncepcją zrównoważonego rozwoju, najważniejsze są wymiary: ekonomiczny i społeczny. Oryginalność / wartość / implikacje / rekomendacje – Wartością dodaną badań jest poznanie modelu biznesowego crowdfundingu i tworzenie wartości w CF dla firmy stosującej model E3 z uwzględnieniem wartości ekonomicznych, społecznych i środowiskowych. Stworzono ponadto nowy model w oparciu o wyniki ankietowe, co wpisuje się w dyskurs naukowy i wypełnia lukę badawczą w tym obszarze. Ponadto model ten pozwala na analizę zarówno wartości oferowanej, jak i wartości uchwyconej – nie tylko dla firm, ale też każdego uczestnika zgodnie w ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju.Purpose – The purpose of the research was to present the transfer of value in the business model of companies using crowdfunding in Poland based on the idea of sustainability in doing business. Research method – A survey was conducted on a group of 121 enterprises using crowdfunding. It used the Norton-Kaplan value map and the value flow model in accordance with the E3 concept and the idea of sustainable development Results – The conducted analyses have shown that the most important perspective of the value of crowdfunding is the financial and procedural perspective, while taking into account the crowdfunding model in conjunction with the concept of sustainable development, the most important are the economic and social dimensions. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The added value of research is learning about the crowdfunding business model and creating value in CF for a company using the E3 model, taking into account economic, social and environmental values. Moreover, a new model was created based on the survey results, which is in line with the scientific discourse and thus bridges the research gap in this area. In addition, this model allows for the analysis of both the value offered and the value captured, not only for companies, but for each participant in accordance with the idea of sustainable development.Badanie zostało sfinansowane z grantu NCN nr umowy 2017/25/B/HS4/02225.Aneta Ewa Waszkiewicz: [email protected] Kukurba: [email protected] Salwin: [email protected] Wójcik: [email protected] Ewa Waszkiewicz - Szkoła Główna Handlowa w WarszawieMaria Kukurba - Politechnika WarszawskaMariusz Salwin - Politechnika WarszawskaCezary Wójcik - Szkoła Główna Handlowa w WarszawieAdvances in Crowdfunding: Research and Practice, 2020, Shneor R., Zhao L., Flåten B.T. (eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.Belz F.M., Binder J.K., 2017, Sustainable Entrepreneurship: A Convergent Process Model, “Business Strategy and the Environment”, Vol. 26(1), pp. 1–17, DOI: 10.1002/bse.1887.Bocken N.M.P., Short S.W., Rana P., Evans S., 2014, A Literature and Practice Review to Develop Sustainable Business Model Archetypes, “Journal of Cleaner Production”, Vol. 65, pp. 42–56, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.039.Bruton G., Khavul S., Siegel D., Wright M., 2015, New Financial Alternatives in Seeding Entrepreneurship: Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-Peer Innovations, “Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice”, Vol. 39(1), pp. 9–26, DOI: 10.1111/etap.12143.Claessens S., 1993, Alternative Forms of External Finance: A Survey, “The World Bank Research Observer”, Vol. 8(1), pp. 91–117, DOI: 10.1093/wbro/8.1.91.Dovì V.G., Friedler F., Huisingh D., Klemeš J.J., 2009, Cleaner Energy for Sustainable Future, “Journal of Cleaner Production”, Vol. 17(10), pp. 889–895, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.02.001.Gordijn J., Akkermans J.M., 2003, Value-Based Requirements Engineering: Exploring Innovative E-commerce Ideas, “Requirements Engineering”, Vol. 8(2), pp. 114–134, DOI: 10.1007/s00766-0003-0169-x.Halisçelik E., Soytas M.A., 2019, Sustainable Development from Millennium 2015 to Sustainable Development Goals 2030, “Sustainable Development”, Vol. 27(4), pp. 545–572, DOI: 10.1002/sd.1921.Hörisch J., Tenner I., 2020, How Environmental and Social Orientations Influence the Funding Success of Investment-Based Crowdfunding: The Mediating Role of the Number of Funders and the Average Funding Amount, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change”, Vol. 161, pp. 1–11, DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120311.Jegatheesan V., Liow J.L., Shua L., Kim S. H., Visvanathan C., 2009, The Need for Global Coordination in Sustainable Development, “Journal of Cleaner Production”, Vol. 17(7), pp. 637–643, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.11.016.Kaplan R.S., 2009, Conceptual Foundations of the Balanced Scorecard, [in:] Handbooks of Management Accounting Research, Chapman C.S., Hopwood A.G., Shields M.D. (eds.), Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/S1751-3243(07)03003-9.Kaplan R.S., Norton D.P., 1996, Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy, “California Management Review”, Vol. 39(1), pp. 53–79, DOI: 10.2307/41165876.Kim Y. S., Cho Ch.K., Ko Y. D., Jee H., 2011, E3 Value Concept for A New Design Paradigm, [in:] Iternational Conference on Engineering Design, Iced11, Technical University of Denmark.Maehle N., 2020, Sustainable Crowdfunding: Insights from the Project Perspective, “Baltic Journal of Management”, Vol. 15(2), pp. 281–302, DOI: 10.1108/BJM-02-2019-0079.Malina M.A., Selto F.H., 2001, Communicating and Controlling Strategy: An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of the Balanced Scorecard, “Journal of Management Accounting Research”, Vol. 13(1), pp. 47–90, DOI: 10.2308/jmar.2001.13.1.47.Moldan B., Janoušková S., Hák T., 2012, How to Understand and Measure Environmental Sustainability: Indicators and Targets, “Ecological Indicators”, Vol. 17, pp. 4–13, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.033.Mollick E., 2014, The Dynamics of Crowdfunding: An Exploratory Study, “Journal of Business Venturing”, Vol. 29(1), pp. 1–16, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005.Motylska-Kuźma A., 2018, Crowdfunding and Sustainable Development, “Sustainability”, Vol. 10(12), DOI: 10.3390/su10124650.Murphy K., 2012, The Social Pillar of Sustainable Development: A Literature Review and Framework for Policy Analysis, “Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy”, Vol. 8(1), pp. 15–29, DOI: 10.1080/15487733.2012.11908081.Piroschka O.P., Maehle N., 2022, The Combined Effect of Success Factors in Crowdfunding of Cleantech Projects, “Journal of Cleaner Production”, Vol. 366, DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132921.Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2020/1503 z dnia 7 października 2020 r. w sprawie europejskich dostawców usług finansowania społecznościowego dla przedsięwzięć gospodarczych oraz zmieniające rozporządzenie (UE) 2017/1129 i dyrektywę (UE) 2019/1937, Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej L 347/.Testa S., Nielsen K.R., Bogers M., Cincotti S., 2019, The Role of Crowdfunding in Moving Towards a Sustainable Society, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change”, Vol. 141, pp. 66–73, DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.011.Testa S., Roma P., Vasi M., Cincotti S., 2020, Crowdfunding as a Tool to Support Sustainability‐Oriented Initiatives: Preliminary Insights into the Role of Product/Service Attributes, “Business Strategy and the Environment”, Vol. 29(2), pp. 530–546, DOI: 10.1002/bse.2385.Wehnert P., Baccarella C.V., Beckmann M., 2019, In Crowdfunding We Trust? Investigating Crowdfunding Success as a Signal for Enhancing Trust in Sustainable Product Features, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change”, Vol. 141, pp. 128–137, DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.06.036.Ziegler T., Shneor R., Wenzlaff K., 2021, The 2nd Global Alternative Finance Market Benchmarking Report. University of Cambridge, Cambridge.www 1, https://www.statista.com/statistics/946668/global-crowdfunding-volume-worldwide-by‑type [data dostępu: 15.02.2022].www 2, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1228796/spend-on-reward‑crowdfunding-worldwide [data dostępu: 15.02.2022].www 3, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1127083/poland-value-of-the-crowdfunding‑market [data dostępu: 15.02.2022].2(112)658

A hunter-gatherer-farmer population model: Lie symmetries, exact solutions and their interpretation

The Lie symmetry classification of the known three-component reaction-diffusion system modelling the spread of an initially localized population of farmers into a region occupied by hunter-gatherers is derived. The Lie symmetries obtained for reducing the system in question to systems of ODEs and constructing exact solutions are applied. Several exact solutions of traveling front type are found, their properties are identified and biological interpretation is discussed

Prawne gwarancje wolności sumienia i wyznania w III Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej zarys problematyki

The religious liberty and freedom in the Third Republic of Poland in penal and civil law the outlineThe article is a try to trace how in Poland, where political and legal system transformed after 1989, religious liberty was shaping – the religious liberty as well for Catholics, that are a major part of the society, as for the national and ethnical minorities. The analysis of the chosen legal acts, basic for religious liberty in the Third Republic of Poland, suggests that authorities in new Poland have secured the broad religious liberty and freedom of consciousness as well as Constitution from 1997 created a new system of relations between the state and the confessional associations. All confessional associations have received equal status and the Constitution has guaranteed the division between church and state. Both legal acts defined the wide rights of an individual arising from the religious liberty and freedom of consciousness. The article shows also the range of religious liberty for the religious minorities living in Poland. It discusses the procedures of registration of confessional associations. The author touches the issue of protection of religious liberty that is described in Constitution as well as in penal and civil law.The religious liberty and freedom in the Third Republic of Poland in penal and civil law the outlineThe article is a try to trace how in Poland, where political and legal system transformed after 1989, religious liberty was shaping – the religious liberty as well for Catholics, that are a major part of the society, as for the national and ethnical minorities. The analysis of the chosen legal acts, basic for religious liberty in the Third Republic of Poland, suggests that authorities in new Poland have secured the broad religious liberty and freedom of consciousness as well as Constitution from 1997 created a new system of relations between the state and the confessional associations. All confessional associations have received equal status and the Constitution has guaranteed the division between church and state. Both legal acts defined the wide rights of an individual arising from the religious liberty and freedom of consciousness. The article shows also the range of religious liberty for the religious minorities living in Poland. It discusses the procedures of registration of confessional associations. The author touches the issue of protection of religious liberty that is described in Constitution as well as in penal and civil law

Efemeryda administracji rządowej w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – Pełnomocnik Rządu do Spraw Równego Statusu Kobiet i Mężczyzn (2001–2005)

THE ARTICLE PRESENTS the establishment and functioning of the office of commissioner for Equal Status of Men and Women (2001–2005). The author shows selectively the data that allow to claim that despite of the fact that there is legal equality of rights, women in Poland are discriminated in the labour market, in management and in politics. Activities of the commissioner (in the rank of secretary and later undersecretary of state) and 16 authorized women in the field should have visualized the society the existing discrimination of women in Poland and they should have fought with the stereotypes of thinking and acting of offices, employers, politics and media. The liquidation of the commissioner’s office in 2005 was the violation of the United Europe directive, that requires from the EU countries to have such an office in their structure

Żydowscy mieszkańcy Dolnego Śląska.Od okresu powojennego do współczesności

Jewish community in Lower Silesia. From the post-war period to the presentThis article describes characteristics of the Jewish community, which in terms of number, was the largest in Lower Silesia created after the Second World War. Functioning Jewish schools, work and workshop co-operatives, community and cultural organisations, political parties and religious organisations congregation of the Moses denomination — currently the name of the community were dependent on domestic state politics and also on the international situation.Within the life of the Jewish community in Lower Silesia, it is possible to distinguish specific periods: 1945–1950, 1950–1957, 1957–1968, 1968–1989, 1989–2006 and 2006–2010.The study is an attempt to describe the community-religious dynamics of the Jews in Lower Silesia — from its prime, through times of emigration and extinction — to the first ten years of the twenty-first century which again has become a period of returning to the cultivation of Jewish identity in a spiritual and organisational sense. An important role in the organisational life of Lower Silesian Jews was played by legal regulations issued by the Polish state. Their description will also be included in the article.Jewish community in Lower Silesia. From the post-war period to the presentThis article describes characteristics of the Jewish community, which in terms of number, was the largest in Lower Silesia created after the Second World War. Functioning Jewish schools, work and workshop co-operatives, community and cultural organisations, political parties and religious organisations congregation of the Moses denomination — currently the name of the community were dependent on domestic state politics and also on the international situation.Within the life of the Jewish community in Lower Silesia, it is possible to distinguish specific periods: 1945–1950, 1950–1957, 1957–1968, 1968–1989, 1989–2006 and 2006–2010.The study is an attempt to describe the community-religious dynamics of the Jews in Lower Silesia — from its prime, through times of emigration and extinction — to the first ten years of the twenty-first century which again has become a period of returning to the cultivation of Jewish identity in a spiritual and organisational sense. An important role in the organisational life of Lower Silesian Jews was played by legal regulations issued by the Polish state. Their description will also be included in the article

50 LAT NIEMIECKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA SPOŁECZNO-KULTURALNEGO NA DOLNYM ŚLĄSKU

50 JAHRE DES DEUTSCHEN SOZIAL-KULTURELLEN GESELLSCHAFT IN NIEDERSCHLESIENDer Artikel enthält synthetische Wirkungsgeschichte der Deutschen Sozial-Kulturellen Gesellschaft in Breslau Niederschlesien in den Jahren 1957-2007.Im Jahre 2007 feierte die Gesellschaft sehr festlich das Jubiläum – der 50-te Jahrestag ihrer Existenz. Einige Deutsche, die in Niederschlesien nach dem Jahr 1945 geblieben waren, hatten Jahre lang keine Möglichkeit zur Kultivierung eigener Kultur und Sprache. Erst der Grenzvertrag vom 1950 zwischen der Volksrepublik Polen und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik ermöglichte die Gründung der Schulen mit Deutsch als Unterrichtssprache. Das Tauwetter vom Oktober 1956 und die Änderung in der Einstellung der Machthaber der Volksrepublik Polen waren der Anfang der Besserung und der Stabilisierung der gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Situation. Im Jahre 1957 wurde Deutsche Sozial-Kulturelle Gesellschaft der Woiwodschaft Breslau mit Sitz in Waldenburg registriert.Die Tätigkeit der Gesellschaft war sehr vielfältig – man veröffentlichte eine deutsche Zeitung, führte Ballettgruppen oder Musikgemeinschaften für Kinder, kümmerte sich auch materiell um alte und einsame Personen.Die Ausrufung des Kriegzustandes im Jahre 1981 brach die Tätigkeit der Gesellschaft unter, die nach seinem Ende wieder zum Leben berufen wurde.Die Wende Polens, Berliner Mauerfall und die Vereinigung zwei deutscher Staaten waren die Anregung zur verstärkten gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Aktivität der Deutschen in Niederschlesien. Im Jahre 1991 wurde Deutsche Sozial-Kulturelle Gesellschaft mit Sitz in Breslau registriert. Eigenständige Gesellschaften entstanden in Liegnitz und in Hirschberg.Die Verleihung der Rechtsfähigkeit der Gesellschaft erweitere bedeutend die Möglichkeiten der Tätigkeit. Der Vertrag zwischen der Republik Polen und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in dem die Deutschen als die in Polen bewohnte Volksminderheit anerkannt wurden, eröffnete den Weg zur zwangslosen Kultivierung eigener kultureller Identität.Das Gesetz vom 6. Januar 2005 über Volks- und Ethnischminderheiten und Regionalsprache wurde ein beständiger Garant des polnischen Staates, der sich zur Schutz deutscher Minderheit und Unterstützung ihrer kultureller Identität verpflichtete.50 JAHRE DES DEUTSCHEN SOZIAL-KULTURELLEN GESELLSCHAFT IN NIEDERSCHLESIENDer Artikel enthält synthetische Wirkungsgeschichte der Deutschen Sozial-Kulturellen Gesellschaft in Breslau Niederschlesien in den Jahren 1957-2007.Im Jahre 2007 feierte die Gesellschaft sehr festlich das Jubiläum – der 50-te Jahrestag ihrer Existenz. Einige Deutsche, die in Niederschlesien nach dem Jahr 1945 geblieben waren, hatten Jahre lang keine Möglichkeit zur Kultivierung eigener Kultur und Sprache. Erst der Grenzvertrag vom 1950 zwischen der Volksrepublik Polen und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik ermöglichte die Gründung der Schulen mit Deutsch als Unterrichtssprache. Das Tauwetter vom Oktober 1956 und die Änderung in der Einstellung der Machthaber der Volksrepublik Polen waren der Anfang der Besserung und der Stabilisierung der gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Situation. Im Jahre 1957 wurde Deutsche Sozial-Kulturelle Gesellschaft der Woiwodschaft Breslau mit Sitz in Waldenburg registriert.Die Tätigkeit der Gesellschaft war sehr vielfältig – man veröffentlichte eine deutsche Zeitung, führte Ballettgruppen oder Musikgemeinschaften für Kinder, kümmerte sich auch materiell um alte und einsame Personen.Die Ausrufung des Kriegzustandes im Jahre 1981 brach die Tätigkeit der Gesellschaft unter, die nach seinem Ende wieder zum Leben berufen wurde.Die Wende Polens, Berliner Mauerfall und die Vereinigung zwei deutscher Staaten waren die Anregung zur verstärkten gesellschaftlich-kulturellen Aktivität der Deutschen in Niederschlesien. Im Jahre 1991 wurde Deutsche Sozial-Kulturelle Gesellschaft mit Sitz in Breslau registriert. Eigenständige Gesellschaften entstanden in Liegnitz und in Hirschberg.Die Verleihung der Rechtsfähigkeit der Gesellschaft erweitere bedeutend die Möglichkeiten der Tätigkeit. Der Vertrag zwischen der Republik Polen und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, in dem die Deutschen als die in Polen bewohnte Volksminderheit anerkannt wurden, eröffnete den Weg zur zwangslosen Kultivierung eigener kultureller Identität.Das Gesetz vom 6. Januar 2005 über Volks- und Ethnischminderheiten und Regionalsprache wurde ein beständiger Garant des polnischen Staates, der sich zur Schutz deutscher Minderheit und Unterstützung ihrer kultureller Identität verpflichtete

The Evolution of the Approach of the State Authorities to Minorities and Ethnic Groups in the Third Republic of Poland (outline of issues)

The new borders and new ideology imposed on Poland in the aftermath of World War II significantly affected the ethnic structure of the state and the approach of its communist authorities towards minority groups. The pre-war Poland was a multi-national state where Poles represented about 69.2% of the population, the remaining 30.8% were the members of minorities – with the biggest communities of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans and Jews. According to the first, official, post-war census – the minority groups represented after 1945 already only 2% of the citizens of new Poland

Arkistoluettelo 587: Uuno Mattila

Luettelo Kansalliskirjastossa olevan Uuno Mattilan arkiston sisällöst

Shadow banking in the European market

W międzynarodowej ocenie shadow banking było wskazane jako zjawisko powstałe poza systemem bankowym, które w swoich rozmiarach znacząco przekracza bankowość uregulowaną, a tym samym stanowi zagrożenie dla stabilności systemu finansowego. Aktywa shadow bankingu w USA dwukrotnie przekroczyły aktywa sektora bankowego, a w Europie stanowiły 30% rynku. Ze względu na rozmiar, ale też brak unormowania prawnego, shadow banking uznano za jedną z podstawowych przyczyn ostatniego kryzysu finansowego, a regulatorzy wskazywali na konieczność jego ograniczania. W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto się próby wykazania, w przeciwieństwie do głównego nurtu debaty dotyczącej shadow bankingu, że jest to integralna i potrzebna część systemu bankowego. Na podstawie analizy działań EBC w celu przeciwdziałania kryzysowi starano się także wykazać, że to właśnie narzędzia i instytucje shadow bankingu będą w przyszłości wspierać rozwój akcji kredytowej w Europie, a tym samym przyczynią się do rozwoju gospodarczego.In international debate shadow banking is assessed as a non-bank phenomenon outside the regulated banking system which threatens the stability of the financial system. The biggest concern of regulators is the size of shadow banking, which is twice as big as visible banking in the USA and consists of 30% of the banking system in Europe. Therefore, the shadow banking system was announced as one of the most important reasons of the last crisis. In response, the world’s regulators and central banks have focused on constraining shadow banking. This article on the contrary main stream, tries to explain that shadow banking is an integral part of the modern financial system. It analyses the European economy’s conditions and credit market and shows that shadow banking is necessary to support the supply of credit in real economy