Direct test of the MSW effect by the solar appearance term in beam experiments

We discuss if one can verify the MSW effect in neutrino oscillations at a high confidence level in long-baseline experiments. We demonstrate that for long enough baselines at neutrino factories, the matter effect sensitivity is, as opposed to the mass hierarchy sensitivity, not suppressed by $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13}$ because it is driven by the solar oscillations in the appearance probability. Furthermore, we show that for the parameter independent direct verification of the MSW effect at long-baseline experiments, a neutrino factory with a baseline of at least 6000 km is needed. For superbeams, we do not find a $5\sigma$ discovery potential of the MSW effect independent of $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13}$. We finally summarize different methods to test the MSW effect.Comment: Minor changes, references updated; somewhat shorter version appeared in Phys. Lett. B; 9 pages, 2 figure

Deflated GMRES for Systems with Multiple Shifts and Multiple Right-Hand Sides

We consider solution of multiply shifted systems of nonsymmetric linear equations, possibly also with multiple right-hand sides. First, for a single right-hand side, the matrix is shifted by several multiples of the identity. Such problems arise in a number of applications, including lattice quantum chromodynamics where the matrices are complex and non-Hermitian. Some Krylov iterative methods such as GMRES and BiCGStab have been used to solve multiply shifted systems for about the cost of solving just one system. Restarted GMRES can be improved by deflating eigenvalues for matrices that have a few small eigenvalues. We show that a particular deflated method, GMRES-DR, can be applied to multiply shifted systems. In quantum chromodynamics, it is common to have multiple right-hand sides with multiple shifts for each right-hand side. We develop a method that efficiently solves the multiple right-hand sides by using a deflated version of GMRES and yet keeps costs for all of the multiply shifted systems close to those for one shift. An example is given showing this can be extremely effective with a quantum chromodynamics matrix.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure

Bioprocess development of filamentous fungi by automated morphology analysis

Morphologie-gestützt wurde ein reproduzierbares Kultivierungsverfahren für den Basidiomyceten Schizophyllum commune DSM 6320 etabliert. Dazu wurde erstmals die statistische Versuchsplanung zur Beschreibung der Makromorphologie eines Pilzes eingesetzt. Die Morphologieanalyse konnte eingesetzt werden, um die Reproduzierbarkeit in aufeinander aufbauenden Kultivierungsschritten zu überprüfen. Sie wurde in Zusammenhang mit der reproduzierbaren Einstellung weiterer Kultivierungsparameter, z.B. der Biotrockenmasse, gestellt (Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehung). Die morphologische Analyse ermöglichte ein frühzeitiges Erkennen von Abweichungen einer definierten Standardkultivierung. Eine Steuerung des Kultivierungsprozesses und ggf. eine Regelung mit der Analyse der Makromorphologie von S. commune wurde somit möglich. Die Mikroskopie zur Bildaufnahme der Pellets von S. commune wurde einschließlich der Auswertung makromorphologischer Parameter erfolgreich automatisiert. Gleichzeitig zur beschleunigten Analyse aller makromorphologischen Parameter wurde dadurch auch eine sehr schnelle Analyse der Pelletkonzentration erzielt, die erfolgreich eingesetzt wurde, um die Biotrockenmassekonzentration abzuschätzen. Diese konnte über den gesamten Kultivierungsverlauf in grundverschiedenen Kultivierungen ausschließlich mittels morphologischer Parameter dargestellt werden. Eine aufwendige gravimetrische Bestimmung der Biotrockenmassekonzentration kann damit für gut charakterisierte und reproduzierbare Kultivierungsprozesse entfallen. Anhand eines Beispiels wurde gezeigt, dass auch die Konzentration des Polysaccharids mit Hilfe der Morphologie berechnet werden kann. Die Morphologie von S. commune wurde durch Medienzusätze erfolgreich verändert. Das Ziel, dadurch die Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute zu steigern, wurde durch Zugabe von Talkpartikeln erreicht. Im Vergleich mit einem S. rolfsii-Stamm wurde gezeigt, dass der Effekt stammabhängig auftrat. Die Morphologie konnte zum Erreichen einer maximalen Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute gezielt auch mittels Optimierung der Homogenisierung und der Biotrockenmassekonzentration bei Beimpfen eingestellt werden. Es wurden Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen für verschiedene Kultivierungsschritte beschrieben. Die höchste auf das Pelletvolumen bezogene Menge an Polysaccharid wurde von Pellets mittlerer Größe und höherer Biomassedichte gebildet. Bei Zunahme der Pelletgröße ging die pelletvolumen-spezifisch gebildete Menge an Polysaccharid zurück.A reproducible cultivation of basidiomycota Schizophyllum commune DSM 6320 was developed by the analysis of its morphology. For this, the design of experiments approach could be used for the first time to describe the macromorphology of a fungus. Applying morphology analysis lead to validation of reproducibility of the cultivation process in all cultivation steps based on each other. In addition, morphology was correlated to cultivation parameters as bio dry cell weight (bdw) throughout different cultivation steps and phases. Analysis of morphology enabled an early detection of deviations from normal/reproducible status of the cultivation. Therefore, control and adjustment of the cultivation process by macromorphological analysis of S. commune became practicable. Microscopy and image capturing of pellets could be successfully automated including a fully computerized image evaluation system for the parameters of macromorphology. Simultaneously, to accelerated analysis of all macromorphological parameters, a very fast detection of pellet concentration was enabled by this system and successfully used to estimate bdw. Bdw became predictable by morphological parameters solely throughout different cultivation processes. Thus, it became clear that laborious gravimetric analysis of bdw is omittable for reproducible cultivation processes well characterized. In addition, concentration of polysaccharide was calculated by morphological parameters. Medium supplements successfully altered morphology of S. commune. By adding talc microparticles the aim to increase space-time yield could be reached. In comparison to S. rolfsii it could be shown that the effect of talc microparticles was strongly strain dependent. By optimizing homogenization and bio dry cell weight at inoculation, the morphology of S. commune tailor-made to reach maximum space-time-yield of polysaccharide. Structure-property correlations were identified in different steps of cultivation. Medium-sized pellets of high bio dry cell weight density formed the highest amount of polysaccharide with regard to volume of pellet. With an increase of pellet size, the amount of polysaccharide secreted per pellet-volume decreased

Reconstruction of the Earth's matter density profile using a single neutrino baseline

In this paper, we show numerically that a symmetric Earth matter density profile can, in principle, be reconstructed from a single baseline energy spectrum up to a certain precision. For the numerical evaluations in the high dimensional parameter space we use a genetic algorithm.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, LaTe

Quantum well states in two-dimensional gold clusters on MgO thin films

The electronic structure of ultra-small Au clusters on thin MgO/Ag(001) films has been analyzed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density functional theory. The clusters exhibit two-dimensional (2D) quantum well states, whose shapes resemble the eigen-states of a 2D electron gas confined in a parabolic potential. From the symmetries of the HOMO and LUMO of a particular cluster, its electron filling and charge state is determined. In accordance to a DFT Bader-charge analysis, aggregates containing up to twenty atoms accumulate one to four extra electrons due to a charge transfer from the MgO/Ag interface. The HOMO - LUMO gap is found to close for clusters containing between 70 and 100 atoms.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Abnormal Resting-State Network Presence in Females with Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a global problem reducing the quality of life of patients and increasing the costs of any healthcare system. The etiology of OAB is understudied but likely involves supraspinal network alterations. Here, we characterized supraspinal resting-state functional connectivity in 12 OAB patients and 12 healthy controls (HC) who were younger than 60 years. Independent component analysis showed that OAB patients had a weaker presence of the salience (Cohen's d = 0.9) and default mode network (Cohen's d = 1.1) and weaker directed connectivity between the fronto-parietal network and salience network with a longer lag time compared to HC. A region of interest analysis demonstrated weaker connectivity in OAB compared to HC (Cohen's d > 1.6 or 1.9). The degree of deviation in supraspinal connectivity in OAB patients (relative to HC) appears to be an indicator of the severity of the lower urinary tract symptoms and an indication that such symptoms are directly related to functional supraspinal alterations. Thus, future OAB therapy options should also consider supraspinal targets, while neuroimaging techniques should be given more consideration in the quest for better phenotyping of OAB

A low energy neutrino factory with non-magnetic detectors

We show that a very precise neutrino/anti-neutrino event separation is not mandatory to cover the physics program of a low energy neutrino factory and thus non-magnetized detectors like water Cerenkov or liquid Argon detectors can be used. We point out, that oscillation itself strongly enhances the signal to noise ratio of a wrong sign muon search, provided there is sufficiently accurate neutrino energy reconstruction. Further, we argue that apart from a magnetic field, other means to distinguish neutrino from anti-neutrino events (at least statistically) can be explored. Combined with the fact that non-magnetic detectors potentially can be made very big, we show that modest neutrino/anti-neutrino separations at the level of 50% to 90% are sufficient to obtain good sensitivity to CP violation and the neutrino mass hierarchy for $\sin^22\theta_{13}>10^{-3}$. These non-magnetized detectors have a rich physics program outside the context of a neutrino factory, including topics like supernova neutrinos and proton decay. Hence, our observation opens the possibility to use a multi-purpose detector also in a neutrino factory beam.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, discussion improved, new figure 4, version to appear in PL

The role of matter density uncertainties in the analysis of future neutrino factory experiments

Matter density uncertainties can affect the measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters at future neutrino factory experiments, such as the measurements of the mixing parameters $\theta_{13}$ and \deltacp. We compare different matter density uncertainty models and discuss the possibility to include the matter density uncertainties in a complete statistical analysis. Furthermore, we systematically study in which measurements and where in the parameter space matter density uncertainties are most relevant. We illustrate this discussion with examples that show the effects as functions of different magnitudes of the matter density uncertainties. We find that matter density uncertainties are especially relevant for large \stheta \gtrsim 10^{-3}. Within the KamLAND-allowed range, they are most relevant for the precision measurements of \stheta and \deltacp, but less relevant for ``binary'' measurements, such as for the sign of \ldm, the sensitivity to \stheta, or the sensitivity to maximal CP violation. In addition, we demonstrate that knowing the matter density along a specific baseline better than to about 1% precision means that all measurements will become almost independent of the matter density uncertainties.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, LaTeX. Final version to be published in Phys. Rev.

Tests of CPT Invariance at Neutrino Factories

We investigate possible tests of CPT invariance on the level of event rates at neutrino factories. We do not assume any specific model but phenomenological differences in the neutrino-antineutrino masses and mixing angles in a Lorentz invariance preserving context, such as it could be induced by physics beyond the Standard Model. We especially focus on the muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance channels in order to obtain constraints on the neutrino-antineutrino mass and mixing angle differences; we found, for example, that the sensitivity $|m_3 - \bar{m}_3| \lesssim 1.9 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{eV}$ could be achieved.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, RevTeX4. Final version to be published in Phys. Rev.

Neutrino Factories and the "Magic" Baseline

We show that for a neutrino factory baseline of $L \sim 7300 km - 7 600 km$ a ``clean'' measurement of $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13}$ becomes possible, which is almost unaffected by parameter degeneracies. We call this baseline "magic" baseline, because its length only depends on the matter density profile. For a complete analysis, we demonstrate that the combination of the magic baseline with a baseline of 3000 km is the ideal solution to perform equally well for the $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13}$, sign of $\Delta m_{31}^2$, and CP violation sensitivities. Especially, this combination can very successfully resolve parameter degeneracies even below $\sin^2 2 \theta_{13} < 10^{-4}$.Comment: Minor changes, final version to appear in PRD, 4 pages, 3 figures, RevTe