Presentación de diagnóstico financiero y análisis bursátil Corficolombiana S.A

Corficolombiana S.A es el inversionista líder en la organización, gestión y dirección de empresas y proyectos en Colombia. Esto ha hecho que se posiciones en una de las corporaciones más importes de nuestro país, a nivel económico en el contexto nacional e internacional; permitiendo la generación de empleo, desarrollo económico, y nuevas oportunidades de crecimiento en sectores claves de la economía. Constantemente realiza actividades que le permiten mejorar estando a la vanguardia de los resultados y actividades dentro del sector, acciones como inversiones en nuevos proyectos, políticas de inversión responsable, inversiones sostenibles, políticas de compra sostenibles, hacen de corficolombiana S.A la corporación más confiable del sector. Gracias a su grupo corporativo, su equipo de trabajo y profesionalismo del mismo, ha venido desarrollando diferentes diagnósticos financieros y análisis de sus diferentes fuentes de inversión, apalancamiento y evolución desde su creación hasta la fecha actual, que le permite mejorar día a día y corregir las posibles falencias que presente. Su cotización en la bolsa de valores y crecimiento económico a largo plazo es uno de los más altos y confiables.Corficolombiana S.A is the leading investor in the organization, management and direction of companies and projects in Colombia. This has made it one of the most important corporations in our country, economically in the national and international context; allowing the generation of employment, economic development, and new growth opportunities in key sectors of the economy. It constantly carries out activities that allow it to improve by being at the forefront of results and activities within the sector, actions such as investments in new projects, responsible investment policies, sustainable investments, sustainable purchasing policies, make corficolombiana the most reliable corporation in the sector. Thanks to its corporate group, its work team and its professionalism, it has been developing different financial diagnoses and analyzes of its different sources of investment, leverage and evolution since its creation to the current date, which allows it to improve day by day and correct the possible shortcomings it presents. Its stock market price and long-term economic growth is one of the highest and most reliable

Efeito de um imunomodulador na qualidade do colostro e na incidência de doenças no pós-parto de vacas leiteiras

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaEste estudo analisou a eficácia do pegbovigrastim (ImrestorTM) na incidência de doenças no pós-parto de vacas leiteiras e o seu efeito na qualidade do colostro. Às vacas do grupo experimental foi administrado pegbovigrastim e às vacas do grupo controlo soro fisiológico. Não se observaram diferenças significativas no número de neutrófilos e macrófagos nos esfregaços de colostro. Contudo, os seus valores máximos foram superiores no colostro de vacas do grupo ImrestorTM. Verificou-se que no colostro não centrifugado das vacas tratadas com ImrestorTM o número de linfócitos foi tendencialmente superior (p=0,08). O colostro de vacas que receberam as duas doses de ImrestorTM teve uma média de 300 mil células/ml superior ao colostro do grupo controlo. A incidência de mastites, metrites e RP foi inferior no grupo experimental, comparativamente ao grupo controlo, contudo esta redução não foi estatisticamente significativa. O valor Brix foi semelhante entre os dois grupos em estudo. Não se observaram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos na produção leiteira acumulada no primeiro mês após o parto. A percentagem de vacas com hipercetonémia foi 5,3% no grupo experimental e 8,2% no grupo controlo. É de todo o interesse que futuramente se desenvolvam mais estudos de modo a obter conclusões mais consolidadas.ABSTRACT - EFFECT OF AN IMMUNOMODULATOR IN THE QUALITY OF COLOSTRUM AND THE INCIDENCE OF DISEASES IN THE POSTPARTUM OF DAIRY COWS - This study examined the efficacy of pegbovigrastim (ImrestorTM) on the incidence of postpartum diseases in dairy cows and its effect on the quality of colostrum. Cows in the experimental group received pegbovigrastim and cows in the control group saline solution. No significant differences were observed in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in the colostrum. However, its maximum values were higher in colostrum of the ImrestorTM group. It was found that in the non-centrifuged colostrum of cows treated with ImrestorTM the number of lymphocytes was tendentially higher (p=0,08). The colostrum of cows that received the two doses of ImrestorTM was an average of 300,000 cells/ml higher than colostrum in the control group. The incidence of mastitis, metritis and RP was lower in the experimental group, compared to the control group, but this reduction was not statistically significant. The Brix value was similar between the two groups under study. There were no significant differences between the two groups in milk production accumulated in the first month after calving. The percentage of cows with hyperketonemia was 5.3% in the experimental group and 8.2% in the control group. It is of great interest that more studies are carried out in the future in order to obtain more consolidated conclusions.Fonte de Leite Exploração Agrícola e Pecuária, S.A.N/

Stress-induced aggression in heterozygous TPH2 mutant mice is associated with alterations in serotonin turnover and expression of 5-HT6 and AMPA subunit 2A receptors

Background: The contribution of gene-environment interactions that lead to excessive aggression is poorly understood. Environmental stressors and mutations of the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) are known to influence aggression. For example, TPH2 null mutant mice (Tph2−/−) are naturally highly aggressive, while heterozygous mice (Tph2+/−) lack a behavioral phenotype and are considered endophenotypically normal. Here we sought to discover whether an environmental stressor would affect the phenotype of the genetically ‘susceptible’ heterozygous mice (Tph2+/−). Methods: Tph2+/− male mice or Tph2+/+ controls were subjected to a five-day long rat exposure stress paradigm. Brain serotonin metabolism and the expression of selected genes encoding serotonin receptors, AMPA receptors, and stress markers were studied. Results: Stressed Tph2+/− mice displayed increased levels of aggression and social dominance, whereas Tph2+/+ animals became less aggressive and less dominant. Brain tissue concentrations of serotonin, its precursor hydroxytryptophan and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly altered in all groups in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and dorsal raphe after stress. Compared to non-stressed animals, the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptophan was elevated in the amygdala though decreased in the other brain structures. The overexpression of the AMPA receptor subunit, GluA2, and downregulation of 5-HT6 receptor, as well as overexpression of c-fos and glycogen-synthase-kinase-3β (GSK3-β), were found in most structures of the stressed Tph2+/− mice. Limitations: Rescue experiments would help to verify causal relationships of reported changes. Conclusions: The interaction of a partial TPH2 gene deficit with stress results in pathological aggression and molecular changes, and suggests that the presence of genetic susceptibility can augment aggression in seemingly resistant phenotypes. © 2020 The Authors602805Seventh Framework Programme, FP7Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: CRC TRR 58 A1/A5Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 728018Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 15-04-03602Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFGRussian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBRThe authors’ work reported here was supported Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG: CRC TRR 58 A1/A5), the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant No. 602805 (Aggressotype) and the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant No. 728018 (Eat2beNICE) (to KPL and TS), the “5-100” Russian Academic Excellence Project (to KPL and TS) and the Russian Foundation of Basic Research (RFBR Grant No. 15-04-03602 to TS). We appreciate the valuable technical help of Dr. Joao Costa-Nunes and Dolores Bonopartos with this project

Altered Behaviour, Dopamine and Norepinephrine Regulation in Stressed Mice Heterozygous in TPH2 Gene

Gene-environment interaction (GxE) determines the vulnerability of an individual to a spectrum of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased impulsivity, excessive aggression, and other behavioural characteristics are associated with variants within the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) gene, a key enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. This phenotype is recapitulated in naïve mice with complete, but not with partial Tph2 inactivation. Tph2 haploinsufficiency in animals reflects allelic variation of Tph2 facilitating the elucidation of respective GxE mechanisms. Recently, we showed excessive aggression and altered serotonin brain metabolism in heterozygous Tph2-deficient male mice (Tph2+/−) after predator stress exposure. Here, we sought to extend these studies by investigating aggressive and anxiety-like behaviours, sociability, and the brain metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline. Separately, Tph2+/− mice were examined for exploration activity in a novel environment and for the potentiation of helplessness in the modified swim test (ModFST). Predation stress procedure increased measures of aggression, dominancy, and suppressed sociability in Tph2+/− mice, which was the opposite of that observed in control mice. Anxiety-like behaviour was unaltered in the mutants and elevated in controls. Tph2+/− mice exposed to environmental novelty or to the ModFST exhibited increased novelty exploration and no increase in floating behaviour compared to controls, which is suggestive of resilience to stress and despair. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed significant genotype-dependent differences in the metabolism of dopamine, and norepinephrine within the brain tissue. In conclusion, environmentally challenged Tph2+/− mice exhibit behaviours that resemble the behaviour of non-stressed null mutants, which reveals how GxE interaction studies can unmask latent genetically determined predispositions. © 2020 The Authors.The authors' work reported here was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG:CRC TRR58A1/A5), DAAD (to ES), the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant No.602805 (Aggressotype) and the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant No.728018 (Eat2beNICE) (to KPL and TS) and the President's program of PhD Exchange of RF-2017 (to TS and DA). We appreciate the valuable technical help of Natalia Bazhenova, Drs. Alexander Trofimov and Natalia Markova with this project

Serotonin Deficiency Increases Context-Dependent Fear Learning Through Modulation of Hippocampal Activity

Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system dysfunction is implicated in exaggerated fear responses triggering various anxiety-, stress-, and trauma-related disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the impact of constitutively inactivated 5-HT synthesis on context-dependent fear learning and extinction using tryptophan hydroxylase 2 ( ) knockout mice. Fear conditioning and context-dependent fear memory extinction paradigms were combined with c-Fos imaging and electrophysiological recordings in the dorsal hippocampus (dHip). mutant mice, completely devoid of 5-HT synthesis in brain, displayed accelerated fear memory formation and increased locomotor responses to foot shock. Furthermore, recall of context-dependent fear memory was increased. The behavioral responses were associated with increased c-Fos expression in the dHip and resistance to foot shock-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). In conclusion, increased context-dependent fear memory resulting from brain 5-HT deficiency involves dysfunction of the hippocampal circuitry controlling contextual representation of fear-related behavioral responses.</p

Effects of adult exposure to bisphenol A on genes involved in the physiopathology of rat prefrontal cortex

Several neurological and behavioral dysfunctions have been reported in animals exposed to bisphenol A (BPA). However, little is known about the impact of adult exposure to BPA on brain physiopathology. Here, we focused on prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats, because it is an important area for cognitive control, complex behaviors and is altered in many psychopathologies. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT) systems are essential for PFC function. Therefore, we examined the effects of adult exposure to BPA on 5α-Reductase (5α-R) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom), enzymes that synthesize GABAA receptor modulators, and tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis. To gain better understanding of BPA’s action in the adult PFC, 84 genes involved in neurotoxicity were also analysed. Adult male and female rats were subcutaneously injected for 4 days with 50 µg/kg/day, the current reference safe dose for BPA. mRNA and protein levels of 5α-R, P450arom and Tph were quantified by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Genes linked to neurotoxicity were analyzed by PCR-Array technology. Adult exposure to BPA increased both P450arom and Tph2 expression in PFC of male and female, but decreased 5α-R1 expression in female. Moreover, we identified 17 genes related to PFC functions such as synaptic plasticity and memory, as potential targets of BPA. Our results provided new insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying BPA action in the physiopathology of PFC, but also raise the question about the safety of short-term exposure to it in the adulthood.This research was supported by grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (BFU2008-05340) and by the Junta de Andalucía (CTS202-Endocronología y Metabolismo)

Serotonin Deficiency Increases Context-Dependent Fear Learning Through Modulation of Hippocampal Activity

Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system dysfunction is implicated in exaggerated fear responses triggering various anxiety-, stress-, and trauma-related disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the impact of constitutively inactivated 5-HT synthesis on context-dependent fear learning and extinction using tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) knockout mice. Fear conditioning and context-dependent fear memory extinction paradigms were combined with c-Fos imaging and electrophysiological recordings in the dorsal hippocampus (dHip). Tph2 mutant mice, completely devoid of 5-HT synthesis in brain, displayed accelerated fear memory formation and increased locomotor responses to foot shock. Furthermore, recall of context-dependent fear memory was increased. The behavioral responses were associated with increased c-Fos expression in the dHip and resistance to foot shock-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). In conclusion, increased context-dependent fear memory resulting from brain 5-HT deficiency involves dysfunction of the hippocampal circuitry controlling contextual representation of fear-related behavioral responses