Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance

The effectiveness of existing policies to control antimicrobial resistance is not yet fully understood. A strengthened evidence base is needed to inform effective policy interventions across countries with different income levels and the human health and animal sectors. We examine three policy domains—responsible use, surveillance, and infection prevention and control—and consider which will be the most effective at national and regional levels. Many complexities exist in the implementation of such policies across sectors and in varying political and regulatory environments. Therefore, we make recommendations for policy action, calling for comprehensive policy assessments, using standardised frameworks, of cost-effectiveness and generalisability. Such assessments are especially important in low-income and middle-income countries, and in the animal and environmental sectors. We also advocate a One Health approach that will enable the development of sensitive policies, accommodating the needs of each sector involved, and addressing concerns of specific countries and regions

Controlo Microbiológico do Ar e Superfícies em Unidades de Prestação de Cuidados de Saúde

O controlo ambiental deverá garantir a adequada qualidade microbiológica do ar e superfícies nas unidades de saúde possibilitando a redução das infecções associadas, tanto nos utentes como nos colaboradores. A presente comunicação refere as principais fontes de contaminação ambiental a considerar, a metodologia de avaliação de risco e o estabelecimento de valores guia para os controlos do ar e superfícies

Natural-antisense transcript summary.

a<p>Values indicate the median.</p>b<p>Reads/kb.</p

siRNA enrichment of trans-NAT overlaps.

<p>Illustration showing two trans-NAT pairs predominantly producing siRNAs from their overlapping regions.</p

Known and novel miRNA predictions.

<p>Diagram defining the different classifications used for known and novel mdm-miRNA loci predictions. The predicted mature miRNA at known apple miRNA loci belonged to one of four classes: it could have the same sequence as the mature apple miRBase entry; it could have the same sequence as another plant homologue which can also be an isomiR of the apple miRBase entry; it could be the antisense-complement of the miRBase entry or an isomiR thereof; or it could have a sequence that varies significantly from the miRBase entry and therefore is classified as a novel miRNA. Novel miRNA loci had mature miRNAs, which belonged to one of three classes: it could have a sequence which is the same as another apple miRNA already present in miRBase and may therefore fall into the same family, it could have a sequence which is the same as a homologous plant miRBase entry; or it could have a sequence for which there is no exact plant sequence entry in miRBase.</p

miRNA examples.

<p>(A) Example of a miRNA precursor for which the miRBase mature entry, as well as its isomiR was predicted as mature miRNAs. (B) Example of a miRNA precursor for which the miRBase mature entry was not predicted as a mature miRNA, but rather a mature miRNA varying significantly from the miRBase entry and was therefore classified as a novel miRNA. Read counts are given in brackets.</p

Sequencing library size distribution.

<p>Number of reads, 17 to 26<b> </b>nt in length, as a percentage of either the total redundant or non-redundant reads in this size range.</p

Summary of the sequenced reads.

a<p>Reads with perfect matches to known and novel mdm-miRNAs.</p>b<p>Reads with perfect matches to phasiRNA which are in phase with miRNA cleave-sites.</p

Natural antisense transcript networks.

<p>Diagram illustrating the three different relationships a NAT can be involved in i.e. a one-to-one (green), one-to-many (blue) or many-to-may (red) relationship. Solid lines indicate NAT pairs while dashed lines indicate a NAT relationship with a transcript not shown in the diagram.</p