Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Effect of dopants on the linearity of a d.c. electron-capture detector

[No abstract available

An experiment to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous response mechanisms in a parallel-plate electron-capture detector

A 63Ni parallel-plate electron-capture detector was run under two disparate conditions: one as closely as possible resembling a homogeneous plasma ( stirred reactor ), the other resembling a typically heterogeneous plasma ( space charge ) system. The latter produced a response almost two orders of magnitude larger than the former, both under d.c. and pulse regimes, and its linear range was more than one decade longer. Enhancing homogeneity by using two radioactive foils, i.e. by making both the cathode and the anode radioactive, diminished the response of the former but heightened the response of the latter system. This is consistent with the idea that (at least) two mechanisms are operating. It is apparent that, under conditions prevailing in most conventional parallel-plate electron-capture detectors, response arises predominantly from space charge mechanisms. © 1987

Binary liquid phase system for gas-liquid chromatography with in situ variable polarity

[No abstract available

A d.c. electron-capture detector with separated ionization and capture regions

Further support for a recently proposed electron-capture detector (ECD) space charge mechanism was obtained from the successful operation of a d.c. ECD whose configuration effectively precluded cation/anion neutralization. This design also prevented chromatographic effluents from contacting the radioactive foil. © 1981

Steady-state impedance and electron distribution in a 63Ni electron-capture detector

This study seeks to extend an earlier measurement of the initial (i.e. β-generated) charge distribution in a simulated, parallel-plate electron-capture detector, to the steady state, i.e. to the distribution that prevails when the rates of charge generation and destruction have become equal in the absence of an electric field. Such measurement have important implications for the validity of the stirred reactor concept, for the simulation of electron-capture process, and for the validation of mechanistic experiments that rely on the heterogeneity of the plasma. Measurements based on the ratio of electrical impedance over a variable interelectrode distance in the reversed and regular field directions of different pulse regimes show that the initial, steep plasma gradient relaxes only slightly when the system approaches steady state. This result is confirmed by measurement of the maximum collectable charge at different electrode gaps and pulse intervals. There does occur a relaxation of the plasma density, but it is minor and less than expected from a second-order recombination rate. Although the accuracy of these results is limited by a variety of instrumental factors, it is clear from a comparison of measurements done at initial, intermediate and steady states that the the electron-capture detector plasma remains heterogeneous under both d.c. and pulse drive conditions. © 1987

Correlations and constants in unipolar and bipolar electron-capture detection

Measurements of baseline current and response have been carried out in a small-volume electron-capture detector to prove or disprove a recent hypothesis describing its behaviour under a.c.-drive conditions. The measurements supported fully the postulated contribution of the reversed-field a.c. phase to both current and response. In particular, the predicted linear rise of both current and response was found at a.c. frequencies up to 100-200 Hz; and the end of this linear range coincided with the end of steady-state conditions during the reversed-field phase. Essentially similar steady-state limits were found under conventional, unipolar pulse regimes. This supported the hypothesis of response largely originating from the capture of electrons during the reversed-field phase, but expressing itself only through the transport of electrons during the regular-field phase of the a.c.-pulse regime. An order-of-magnitude calculation based on several hypothetical and necessary simplifications showed that the steady-state cation concentration increases with increasing amounts of SF6 in nitrogen. Correspondingly, the apparent cation-electron recombination constant (about 3 · 10-5 cm3 s-1) was almost two orders of magnitude larger than the cation-anion neutralization constant (about 4 · 10-7 cm3 s-1). © 1987