Zeegrasmitigaties Oosterschelde. Proeven met verplaatsen van Klein zeegras (Zostera noltii) in de Oosterschelde: mitigatiemaatregel bij dijkwerkzaamheden ZLD-6606A. Eindrapport, aangevuld met metingen 2014 en 2015

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新「借地借家法」の基本視点 : 「賃借権の物権化」論との関係で

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Living in the intertidal:Desiccation and shading reduce seagrass growth, but high salinity or population of origin have no additional effect

The limiting effects of stressors like desiccation, light and salinity on seagrass growth and distribution are well-studied. However, little is known about their interactive effects, and whether such effects might differ among populations that are adapted to different local conditions. In two laboratory experiments we tested (a) if growth and development of intertidal, temperate Zostera noltii is affected by emergence time (experiment 1 and 2), and (b) how this is affected by an additional, second stressor, namely shading (experiment 1) or high salinity (25, 30 and 35, experiment 2). In addition, we tested (c) whether the effects of emergence time and salinity varied between three different European seagrass populations (Saint-Jacut/France, Oosterschelde/The Netherlands, and Sylt/Germany), which are likely adapted to different salinity levels (experiment 2). In both experiments, emergence of 8 h per tidal cycle (of 12 h) had a negative effect on seagrass relative growth rate (RGR), and aboveground biomass. Emergence furthermore reduced either rhizome length (experiment 1) or belowground biomass (experiment 2). Shading (experiment 1) resulted in lower RGR and a two-fold higher aboveground/belowground ratio. We found no interactive effects of emergence and shading stress. Salinity (experiment 2) did not affect seagrass growth or morphology of any of the three populations. The three tested populations differed greatly in morphology but showed no differential response to emergence or salinity level (experiment 2). Our results indicate that emergence time and shading show an additive negative effect (no synergistic or antagonistic effect), making the plants still vulnerable to such combination, a combination that may occur as a consequence of self-shading during emergence or resulting from algal cover. Emergence time likely determines the upper limit of Z. noltii and such shading will likely lower the upper limit. Shading resulted in higher aboveground/belowground ratios as is a general response in seagrass. Z. noltii of different populations originating from salinity 30 and 35 seem tolerant to variations in salinity within the tested range. Our results indicate that the three tested populations show morphotypic rather than ecotypic variation, at least regarding the salinity and emergence, as there were no interactive effects with origin. For restoration, this implies that the salinity regime of the donor and receptor site of Z. noltii is of no concern within the salinity range 25-35

Sediment properties as important predictors of carbon storage in zostera marina meadows: a comparison of four European areas

Seagrass ecosystems are important natural carbon sinks but their efficiency varies greatly depending on species composition and environmental conditions. What causes this variation is not fully known and could have important implications for management and protection of the seagrass habitat to continue to act as a natural carbon sink. Here, we assessed sedimentary organic carbon in Zostera marina meadows (and adjacent unvegetated sediment) in four distinct areas of Europe (Gullmar Fjord on the Swedish Skagerrak coast, Asko in the Baltic Sea, Sozopol in the Black Sea and Ria Formosa in southern Portugal) down to similar to 35 cm depth. We also tested how sedimentary organic carbon in Z. marina meadows relates to different sediment characteristics, a range of seagrass-associated variables and water depth. The seagrass carbon storage varied greatly among areas, with an average organic carbon content ranging from 2.79 +/- 0.50% in the Gullmar Fjord to 0.17 +/- 0.02% in the area of Sozopol. We found that a high proportion of fine grain size, high porosity and low density of the sediment is strongly related to high carbon content in Z. marina sediment. We suggest that sediment properties should be included as an important factor when evaluating high priority areas in management of Z. marina generated carbon sinks

High prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Background: An increased prevalence of epilepsy has been reported in many onchocerciasis endemic areas. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and investigate whether a higher annual intake of Ivermectin was associated with a lower prevalence of epilepsy. Methodology/Principle findings: Between July 2014 and February 2016, house-to-house epilepsy prevalence surveys were carried out in areas with a high level of onchocerciasis endemicity: 3 localities in the Bas-Uele, 24 in the Tshopo and 21 in the Ituri province. Ivermectin uptake was recorded for every household member. This database allowed a matched case-control pair subset to be created that enabled putative risk factors for epilepsy to be tested using univariate logistic regression models. Risk factors relating to onchocerciasis were tested using a multivariate random effects model. To identify presence of clusters of epilepsy cases, the Kulldorff's scan statistic was used. Of 12, 408 people examined in the different health areas 407 (3.3%) were found to have a history of epilepsy. A high prevalence of epilepsy was observed in health areas in the 3 provinces: 6.8–8.5% in Bas-Uele, 0.8–7.4% in Tshopo and 3.6–6.2% in Ituri. Median age of epilepsy onset was 9 years, and the modal age 12 years. The case control analysis demonstrated that before the appearance of epilepsy, compared to the same life period in controls, persons with epilepsy were around two times less likely (OR: 0.52; 95%CI: (0.28, 0.98)) to have taken Ivermectin than controls. After the appearance of epilepsy, there was no difference of Ivermectin intake between cases and controls. Only in Ituri, a significant cluster (p-value = 0.0001) was identified located around the Draju sample site area. Conclusions: The prevalence of epilepsy in health areas in onchocerciasis endemic regions in the DRC was 2–10 times higher than in non-onchocerciasis endemic regions in Africa. Our data suggests that Ivermectin protects against epilepsy in an onchocerciasis endemic region. However, a prospective population based intervention study is needed to confirm this

Politieke en sociaal-economische opvattingen in Nederland - POLSECON 1987~Political and socio-economic opinions in the Netherlands - POLSECON 1987

Item does not contain fulltextPolitical interest, voting behaviour / timing of decision to vote / factors of importance regarding decision who to vote for: party-ideology / party leader / party programme / party candidates / party size / party campaign / party position in opinion polls / reasons not to vote / work in modern society: guaranteed minimum income/ permanent education/ unemployment and respect/ automation versus loss of jobs/ workers say in company matters / role of business and industry: full employment and profit rates / politics and business interests / prosperity / laissez faire ideology / role of government on socio-economic life: income differences / opinion on height of social benefits / purchasing power of lower income groups / salaries in private and public sector / development aid better spent at home ? / environmental care versus economic growth/ taxing versus public service / influence on economic development / control of tax evasion / control of misuse of social benefits / control of misuse subsidies by business and industry / opinion on level of taxation / satisfaction with government / expected success of Lubbers' unemployment policy / private financial situation and expectations for future 4 years / who make national policy ? / satisfaction with government regarding defending Dutch interest within the EC / opinion on delegation of powers to EC institutions / NATO / arms reduction or increase / nuclear arms reduction in NATO countries / cooperation within the European Community: no restrictions in place of work, exchange of goods and services / cooperation in solving economic problems / nationalism: EC politics too complicated to understand / preferred distribution of national income / cuts / preferred distribution of government budget across public services / law-abiding / protest actions / role of government towards disturbance of the peace / too much government involvement in private life of its citizens / political parties / MP's / members of parliament / representation / left-right rating main political parties / evaluation of government and cabinet ministers / trust in cabinet Lubbers 2 / position towards current government policy / participation in actions / parliamentary democracy / role of religion in politics / protest evaluation / willingness to protest / trust in members of parliament / system responsiveness / sense of political efficacy / electoral alienation / trust in ministers. Background variables: basic characteristics / residence/ household characteristics / occupation / employment / education / social class / politics / religio

Toxic effects of increased sediment nutrient and organic matter loading on the seagrass zostera noltii

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Surviving in Changing Seascapes: Sediment Dynamics as Bottleneck for Long-Term Seagrass Presence

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