PERKEBUNAN KARET DI SINTANG PADA AWAL ABAD KE-20 (KAJIAN SOSIAL EKONOMI)

ABSTRACTThis study aims to describe the process of planting and distributing rubber products inSintang, and the process of rubber trading in Sintang in the early 20th century. Researchconducted by the historical method, the data obtained using oral history in the form ofinterviews and analyzing documents. The results showed that rubber plantations inSintang were scattered in several regions, one of which was located in Nanga JetakVillage. The preparation of the sap seeds has been prepared by the Dutch Indiesbusinessman, then distributed to various regions in Sintang. Cultivation of rubber plantswas carried out by indigenous people and assisted by Javanese people who werecontacted by Dutch Indies businessmen as rubber farmers. Rubber plantations aremanaged by Dutch Indies businessmen and some Chinese. Rubber that has beenprocessed into sap is sent to the kingdom of Sintang through the Melawi River and theDutch East Indies Government in Pontianak via the Kapuas RiverKeyword: rubber plantation, Sintang, social-economic history

Critiques on the Ideologies of Contemporary Bedhayan Dances

This present paper provides a descriptive analysis toward a traditional court dance called Bedhaya, one of the cultural products of the Javanese community in Surakarta which evolved into its modern version Bedhayan due to the flow of global culture. By applying the theories of hermeneutics, ideology, aesthetics and Semiotics, the data are inferred according to the purposed questions. The inquiry is directed to infer the factors encompassing Bedhaya dance such as its emergence and the development, relationship with the existence and its role in the society, the relationship with systems within the society or with various interests. The results as inferred from the data obtained views in looking at the development on the classical dance of Bedhaya into Bedhayan left worthy of critical assessments. The reality of Bedhayan dance in the view of art as an ideology, from the outside, appears that the choreograhers/artists can freely express their creative ideas in the context of the fight agains the classical culture which is strongly enacted by the myths and power of the rulling king. However, it should be noted that Bedhayan dance artists which have managed to bring the classical bedhaya dance out of the walls of the Kraton also in essence always work in the confines of the iron curtain of a creativity called ‘ideology'. Whether consciously or not, being forced or sincere in living it, these choreographers actually fall into the life orientation which solely concerns the fulfillment of material needs

Site-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation: a selective method to individually analyze neighboring transcription factor binding sites in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Transcription factors (TFs) and their binding sites (TFBSs) play a central role in the regulation of gene expression. It is therefore vital to know how the allocation pattern of TFBSs affects the functioning of any particular gene in vivo. A widely used method to analyze TFBSs in vivo is the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). However, this method in its present state does not enable the individual investigation of densely arranged TFBSs due to the underlying unspecific DNA fragmentation technique. This study describes a site-specific ChIP which aggregates the benefits of both EMSA and in vivo footprinting in only one assay, thereby allowing the individual detection and analysis of single binding motifs.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>The standard ChIP protocol was modified by replacing the conventional DNA fragmentation, i. e. via sonication or undirected enzymatic digestion (by MNase), through a sequence specific enzymatic digestion step. This alteration enables the specific immunoprecipitation and individual examination of occupied sites, even in a complex system of adjacent binding motifs in vivo. Immunoprecipitated chromatin was analyzed by PCR using two primer sets - one for the specific detection of precipitated TFBSs and one for the validation of completeness of the enzyme digestion step. The method was established exemplary for Sp1 TFBSs within the <it>egfr </it>promoter region. Using this site-specific ChIP, we were able to confirm four previously described Sp1 binding sites within <it>egfr </it>promoter region to be occupied by Sp1 in vivo. Despite the dense arrangement of the Sp1 TFBSs the improved ChIP method was able to individually examine the allocation of all adjacent Sp1 TFBS at once. The broad applicability of this site-specific ChIP could be demonstrated by analyzing these SP1 motifs in both osteosarcoma cells and kidney carcinoma tissue.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The ChIP technology is a powerful tool for investigating transcription factors in vivo, especially in cancer biology. The established site-specific enzyme digestion enables a reliable and individual detection option for densely arranged binding motifs in vivo not provided by e.g. EMSA or in vivo footprinting. Given the important function of transcription factors in neoplastic mechanism, our method enables a broad diversity of application options for clinical studies.</p

Pancreas transplantation with grafts obtained from donation after cardiac death or donation after brain death results in comparable outcomes

IntroductionPancreas organ shortages and long recipient waitlist times are critical components that limit recipients from receiving a pancreas transplant. Over the last decade, our center has been using donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors as an adjunct to donation after brain death (DBD) donors to expand the organ pool. The aim of this study was to compare recipient and graft survival between DCD and DBD recipients.MethodsA retrospective single center propensity matched analysis (2011–2020) of 32 DCD vs 96 DBD pancreas transplants was performed.Results8-year recipient survival was similar between DCD and DBD groups (87.4% vs 92.7%, p=0.35) as was simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplant (SPK) 8-year kidney (88.9 vs 96.9%, p=0.219) and pancreas graft survival (77.4% vs 86.7%, p=0.344). There was no difference in vascular thrombosis rate between DCD and DBD pancreas grafts (3.1% vs 7.3%, p=0.73). DCD kidneys had a higher rate of DGF vs DBD kidneys (28.1% vs 6.3%, p=0.004), without any significant difference in long term kidney failure (12.5% vs 8.3%, p=0.5).DiscussionRecipients of DCD grafts demonstrate equivalent long-term patient and graft survival compared to DBD recipients for pancreas transplantation. Increased utilization of well selected DCD donors is a safe strategy to increase the donor pool

The effect of long term combined yoga practice on the basal metabolic rate of healthy adults

BACKGROUND: Different procedures practiced in yoga have stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the basal metabolic rate when studied acutely. In daily life however, these procedures are usually practiced in combination. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the net change in the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of individuals actively engaging in a combination of yoga practices (asana or yogic postures, meditation and pranayama or breathing exercises) for a minimum period of six months, at a residential yoga education and research center at Bangalore. METHODS: The measured BMR of individuals practicing yoga through a combination of practices was compared with that of control subjects who did not practice yoga but led similar lifestyles. RESULTS: The BMR of the yoga practitioners was significantly lower than that of the non-yoga group, and was lower by about 13 % when adjusted for body weight (P < 0.001). This difference persisted when the groups were stratified by gender; however, the difference in BMR adjusted for body weight was greater in women than men (about 8 and 18% respectively). In addition, the mean BMR of the yoga group was significantly lower than their predicted values, while the mean BMR of non-yoga group was comparable with their predicted values derived from 1985 WHO/FAO/UNU predictive equations. CONCLUSION: This study shows that there is a significantly reduced BMR, probably linked to reduced arousal, with the long term practice of yoga using a combination of stimulatory and inhibitory yogic practices

Study of FoxA Pioneer Factor at Silent Genes Reveals Rfx-Repressed Enhancer at Cdx2 and a Potential Indicator of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Development

Understanding how silent genes can be competent for activation provides insight into development as well as cellular reprogramming and pathogenesis. We performed genomic location analysis of the pioneer transcription factor FoxA in the adult mouse liver and found that about one-third of the FoxA bound sites are near silent genes, including genes without detectable RNA polymerase II. Virtually all of the FoxA-bound silent sites are within conserved sequences, suggesting possible function. Such sites are enriched in motifs for transcriptional repressors, including for Rfx1 and type II nuclear hormone receptors. We found one such target site at a cryptic “shadow” enhancer 7 kilobases (kb) downstream of the Cdx2 gene, where Rfx1 restricts transcriptional activation by FoxA. The Cdx2 shadow enhancer exhibits a subset of regulatory properties of the upstream Cdx2 promoter region. While Cdx2 is ectopically induced in the early metaplastic condition of Barrett's esophagus, its expression is not necessarily present in progressive Barrett's with dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. By contrast, we find that Rfx1 expression in the esophageal epithelium becomes gradually extinguished during progression to cancer, i.e, expression of Rfx1 decreased markedly in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. We propose that this decreased expression of Rfx1 could be an indicator of progression from Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma and that similar analyses of other transcription factors bound to silent genes can reveal unanticipated regulatory insights into oncogenic progression and cellular reprogramming

Dopaminergic Influences on Emotional Decision Making in Euthymic Bipolar Patients

We recently reported that the D2/D3 agonist pramipexole may have pro-cognitive effects in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BPD); however, the emergence of impulse-control disorders has been documented in Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) after pramipexole treatment. Performance on reward-based tasks is altered in healthy subjects after a single dose of pramipexole, but its potential to induce abnormalities in BPD patients is unknown. We assessed reward-dependent decision making in euthymic BPD patients pre- and post 8 weeks of treatment with pramipexole or placebo by using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The IGT requires subjects to choose among four card decks (two risky and two conservative) and is designed to promote learning to make advantageous (conservative) choices over time. Thirty-four BPD patients completed both assessments (18 placebo and 16 pramipexole). Baseline performance did not differ by treatment group (F = 0.63; p = 0.64); however, at week 8, BPD patients on pramipexole demonstrated a significantly greater tendency to make increasingly high-risk, high-reward choices across the five blocks, whereas the placebo group\u27s pattern was similar to that reported in healthy individuals (treatment x time x block interaction,

Sexually literate social workers : a review of a staple of social work professional training, continuing education, indicates a lack of basic training on human sexuality

Background and Purpose:Having sexually literate social workers is essential to providing quality services, yet, sexuality content is either missing or offered only as an elective in many social work programs. As a result, continuing education (CE) is the main institution to ensure continued skill development for social workers post-graduation. To better prepare sexually literate social work practitioners, we must understand the current landscape of training. In this exploratory study, we review a sample of CE trainings to answer the questions: A) What is the sexuality-related content of the professional CE training for licensed social workers? and B) Does CE training provide a foundational course bridging the lack of academic preparation? Methods: The sample for review of CE opportunities was three-fold: five state chapters of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), five of the top 10 schools of social work, and five national providers of CE. We sampled universities that were included in both the Gourman Report and the U.S. News & World Report rankings of the top ten social work schools. A convenience sample of national CE Providers was selected that provided in-person training. The following search terms to focus our search for relevant workshops: sex, sexuality, LGBT, gender, intimacy, sexual trauma, reproduction, sexual pleasure, sexual orientation, body image, sexual desire, sexual issues, lesbian, gay, transgender, and bisexual. Upon collection of available CE opportunities, we compiled the title, and workshop descriptions into a list of 43 sexuality related CEs for coding. Of the 43 reviewed, 5 did not contain significant content related to sexuality and were excluded. The remaining 38 CE opportunities were coded by two independent reviewers to identify topic areas. Results:Results of coding revealed 16 topic areas related to sexuality. Those areas were: sexual trauma/abuse, LGBTQI, couple’s intimacy, aging and sexuality, sexual compulsivity/ addiction, emotional intimacy, sexuality across the lifespan, cultural attitudes, values, biases, pleasure enhancement, conception/pregnancy/childbirth, dysfunction vs normative sexual behaviors, parenting, desire, polyamory, ethical issues and sexuality, and generalist sexuality awareness raising. Nineteen of the CE opportunities were provided by university schools of social work, 11 were by third party national CE providers, and 8 were provided by NASW state chapters. The content area that was represented the most was sexual trauma/abuse, followed by LGBTQI and couples/intimacy. Conclusions and Implications: As suggested by the 16 topical areas, current CE opportunities are based on the assumption that social workers have baseline skills and a working knowledge of sexuality, and a preliminary understanding of their attitudes and comfort around sexuality. Of the 38 CE courses reviewed, only one addressed fundamentals such as basic values clarification. The topic specific CE offerings are important but these offerings should be preceded with basic training on sexuality content and values clarification. Based on the results of this exploratory study, there is not a systemic and consistent way for social workers to increase their sexual literacy. We suggest further exploration of this issue and make recommendations for a human sexuality foundational CE course

Segregation for fertility and meiotic stability in novel Brassica allohexaploids

Key message: AllohexaploidBrassicapopulations reveal ongoing segregation for fertility, while genotype influences fertility and meiotic stability. Abstract: Creation of a new Brassica allohexaploid species is of interest for the development of a crop type with increased heterosis and adaptability. At present, no naturally occurring, meiotically stable Brassica allohexaploid exists, with little data available on chromosome behaviour and meiotic control in allohexaploid germplasm. In this study, 100 plants from the cross B. carinata × B. rapa (A2 allohexaploid population) and 69 plants from the cross (B. napus × B. carinata) × B. juncea (H2 allohexaploid population) were assessed for fertility and meiotic behaviour. Estimated pollen viability, self-pollinated seed set, number of seeds on the main shoot, number of pods on the main shoot, seeds per ten pods and plant height were measured for both the A2 and H2 populations and for a set of reference control cultivars. The H2 population had high segregation for pollen viability and meiotic stability, while the A2 population was characterised by low pollen fertility and a high level of chromosome loss. Both populations were taller, but had lower average fertility trait values than the control cultivar samples. The study also characterises fertility and meiotic chromosome behaviour in genotypes and progeny sets in heterozygous allotetraploid Brassica derived lines, and indicates that genotypes of the parents and H1 hybrids are affecting chromosome pairing and fertility phenotypes in the H2 population. The identification and characterisation of factors influencing stability in novel allohexaploid Brassica populations will assist in the development of this as a new crop species for food and agricultural benefit