Discurso no Banquete de Gala

Discurso de Friedrich August von Hayek no Banquete de Gala por ocasião da Entrega do Prêmio Nobel, em 10 de dezembro de 1974

O Cálculo Socialista I:: A Natureza e História do Problema

In this article, the author adresses, under a historical and analytical perspective, the main constitutive elements and the evolution of the discussions regarding the problem of the economic calculation in a socialist community. After a careful conceptual clarification, the author proceeds to present the main Austrian argument that rational economic calculation is possible only in a situation in which the price system, for all economics goods and factors of production, works in an environment of free competition.Neste artigo, o autor aborda, de maneira histórica e analítica, os principais elementos constitutivos e a evolução das discussões a respeito do problema do cálculo econômico em uma comunidade socialista. Após uma cuidadosa clarificação de conceitos, o autor procede à exposição do argumento austríaco central de que o cálculo econômico racional somente é possível em uma situação na qual o sistema de preços para todos os bens e fatores de produção funciona em ambiente de livre concorrência

INDIVIDUALISM: GENUINE AND FAKE

Temeljni je stav istinskoga individualizma stav poniznosti spram procesa kojima je čovječanstvo postiglo stvari koje nije projektirao ili shvatio ijedan pojedinac i koje su doista veće od individualnih pameti. Veliko je pitanje u ovome času hoće li čovjekovoj pameti biti dopušteno da nastavi rasti kao dio tih procesa ili će se ljudski um sam okovati lancima koje je sam i izradio. Individualizam nas uči da je društvo veće od pojedinca samo dok je slobodno. Kad je kontrolirano ili se njime upravlja, ono je ograničeno na moći individualnih pameti koje ga kontroliraju ili njime upravljaju. Ako preuzetnost modernoga duha, koja ne želi poštivati ništa što nije svjesno kontrolirano pojedinačnim umom, ne nauči na vrijeme gdje treba stati, Edmund Burke nas upozorava da možemo “biti sigurni kako će sve oko nas postupno nestajati, dok se napokon naša zanimanja ne stisnu do dimenzija naših mozgova.”The fundamental attitude of genuine individualism is humility towards the process by which humankind has achieved things not designed or comprehended by a single individual and which go beyond individual acumen. It remains to be seen whether human intelligence is to be allowed to grow as part of these processes or human reason is to confine itself with the chains of its own design. Individualism teaches us that the society is bigger than the individual only when free. When controlled or directed, it is limited to the powers of individual brains that control or direct it. If the presumptuousness of modern spirit that dismisses everything not consciously controlled by the individual mind is not checked in time, Edmund Burke cautions us that we may “be sure everything around us is to gradually disappear, until our interests eventually shrink to the dimensions of our brains.

Adam Smith and Ordoliberalism : On the Political Form of Market Liberty

In the context of the contemporary crisis of neoliberal political economy, the politics of austerity has reasserted the liberal utility of the state as the political authority of market freedom. This article argues that economy has no independent existence, and that instead, economy is a political practice. It examines the political economy of Adam Smith and the German ordoliberal tradition to decipher the character of the political in political economy and its transformation from Smith's liberal theory into neoliberal theology. Ordoliberalism emerged in the late 1920s at a time of a manifest crisis of political economy, and its argument was fundamental for the development of the neoliberal conception that free economy is matter of strong state authority. The conclusion argues with Marx that the state is the concentrated force of free economy

A Chemistry of Organization: Combinatory Structural Analysis and Design

This paper is a response to the call for models of organization design as a science revealing the inner composition of organization and specifying the laws to be respected when crafting it. It maintains that the needed science is a chemistry of organization, addressing the combination of 'organizational elements' playing a role analogous to that of chemical elements in composing a variety of substances. Drawing both on classic organization design theory and on configurational and complementarity-based approaches, the paper specifies a set of basic organizational elements and a set of combinatory laws regulating their effective combinations. Testable propositions are derived on the necessary and sufficient conditions that the composition of organizations should have respect for achieving high levels of efficiency and innovation. These propositions are tested empirically on a sample of firms, using an innovative application of Boolean algebra

Microfoundations

The paper argues that the microfoundations programme can be understood as an implementation of an underlying methodological principle, methodological individualism, and that it therefore shares a fundamental ambiguity with that principle, viz, whether the macro must be derived from and therefore reducible to, or rather consistent with micro-level behaviours. The pluralist conclusion of the paper is not that research guided by the principle of microfoundations is necessarily wrong, but that the exclusion of approaches not guided by that principle is indeed necessarily wrong. The argument is made via an examination of the advantages claimed for dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, the relationship between parts and wholes in social science, and the concepts of reduction, substrate neutrality, the intentional stance, and hypostatisation

Microfoundations

This paper argues that the microfoundations programme can be understood as an implementation of an underlying methodological principle—methodological individualism—and that it therefore shares a fundamental ambiguity with that principle, viz, whether the macro must be derived from and therefore reducible to, or rather consistent with, micro-level behaviours. The pluralist conclusion of the paper is not that research guided by the principle of microfoundations is necessarily wrong, but that the exclusion of approaches not guided by that principle is indeed necessarily wrong. The argument is made via an examination of the advantages claimed for dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, the relationship between parts and wholes in social science, and the concepts of reduction, substrate neutrality, the intentional stance, and hypostatisation

John Stuart Mill and Fourierism: ‘association’, ‘friendly rivalry’ and distributive justice

John Stuart Mill’s self-description as ‘under the general designation of Socialist’ has been under-explored. It is an important feature of something else often overlooked: the importance of the French context of Mill’s thought. This article focuses on the role of Fourierism in the development of Mill’s ideas, exploring the links to Fourierism in Mill’s writing on profit-sharing; his use of the words ‘association’ and ‘friendly rivalry’; and his views concerning distributive justice. It then reconsiders his assessment of Fourierism as a desirable, workable and immediately implementable form of social reform, ultimately arguing it was Mill’s most-preferred form of ‘utopian’ socialism