European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017

Background: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Atlas has been compiled by the European Heart Agency to document cardiovascular disease (CVD) statistics of the 56 ESC member countries. A major aim of this 2017 data presentation has been to compare high income and middle income ESC member countries, in order to identify inequalities in disease burden, outcomes and service provision. Methods: The Atlas utilizes a variety of data sources, including the World Health Organization, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and the World Bank to document risk factors, prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular disease and national economic indicators. It also includes novel ESC sponsored survey data of health infrastructure and cardiovascular service provision provided by the national societies of the ESC member countries. Data presentation is descriptive with no attempt to attach statistical significance to differences observed in stratified analyses. Results: Important differences were identified between the high income and middle income member countries of the ESC with regard to CVD risk factors, disease incidence and mortality. For both women and men, the age-standardised prevalence of hypertension was lower in high income countries (18.3% and 27.3%) compared with middle income countries (23.5% and 30.3%). Smoking prevalence in men (not women) was also lower (26% vs 41.3%), and together these inequalities are likely to have contributed to the higher CVD mortality in middle income countries. Declines in CVD mortality have seen cancer becoming a more common cause of death in a number of high income member countries, but in middle income countries declines in CVD mortality have been less consistent where CVD remains the leading cause of death. Inequalities in CVD mortality are emphasised by the smaller contribution they make to potential years of life lost in high income compared with middle income countries both for women (13% vs. 23%) and men (20% vs. 27%). The downward mortality trends for CVD may, however, be threatened by the emerging obesity epidemic that is seeing rates of diabetes increasing across all ESC member countries. Survey data from the National Cardiac Societies (n=41) showed that rates of cardiac catheterization and coronary artery bypass surgery, as well as the number of specialist centres required to deliver them, were greatest in the high income member countries of the ESC. The Atlas confirmed that these ESC member countries, where the facilities for the contemporary treatment of coronary disease were best developed, were often those in which declines in coronary mortality have been most pronounced. Economic resources were not the only driver for delivery of equitable cardiovascular healthcare, as some middle income ESC member countries reported rates for interventional procedures and device implantations that matched or exceeded the rates in wealthier member countries. Conclusion: In documenting national CVD statistics, the Atlas provides valuable insights into the inequalities in risk factors, healthcare delivery and outcomes of CVD across ESC member countries. The availability of these data will underpin the ESC’s ambitious mission “to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease” not only in its member countries, but also in nation states around the world

Fundamentos jurídicos y sociales del instituto de resocialización: la experiencia de Ucrania y de otros países

The correction and resocialization of the convicted person are considered processes of positive changes that occur in his most personality and create readiness for self-directed obedient behavior, as well as the return of the convicted person to an independent and generally accepted social and normative life in society, that is, the successful reintegration into society after release and deprivation of a criminal worldview. This remains one of the most important issues debated by scholars to determine the best way to achieve the goals of corrections and rehabilitation of ex-offenders. In addition, resocialization is of fundamental importance for solving a wide range of social and socio-practical problems, not only for the prevention and eradication of crime but also for the prevention of social deviance in general. Since the reintegration of criminals into society is an urgent social problem, a detailed analysis of the process of resocialization of criminals is of practical importance. The methodological basis of the research was the dialectical, historical, analysis and synthesis, structural-functional, classification and grouping, logical-semantic, comparative-legal, and hermeneutic methods. The purpose of this article is the study of the concept and essence of the legal concept of resocialization, the study of the means of correction and resocialization of convicted persons, the analysis of the experience of foreign countries in the field of resocialization of convicts, the analysis of the priority directions of the Ukrainian social policy on resocialization of persons, and the outline of the ways to improve the state of resocialization of convicted persons in Ukraine.La corrección y la resocialización del sentenciado son considerados procesos de cambio positivos que se producen en su personalidad y crean disposición para un comportamiento obediente y autodirigido, así como su retorno a una vida social y normativa independiente y generalmente aceptada en la sociedad; es decir, la reinserción satisfactoria en la sociedad tras la puesta en libertad y la desvinculación de una visión delictiva. Esta sigue siendo una de las cuestiones centrales debatidas por los estudiosos para determinar la mejor manera de alcanzar los objetivos de la reinserción y la resocialización de los exdelincuentes. Además, la resocialización tiene una importancia fundamental para resolver una amplia gama de problemas sociales y socioprácticos, no solo para la prevención y erradicación de la delincuencia, sino también para la prevención de la desviación social en general. Dado que la reinserción de los delincuentes en la sociedad es un problema social urgente, un análisis detallado de este proceso reviste una importancia práctica. La base metodológica de la investigación fueron los métodos dialéctico, histórico, de análisis y síntesis, estructural funcionalista, de clasificación y agrupación, lógico-semántico, comparativo-jurídico y hermenéutico. El propósito de este artículo es el estudio del concepto jurídico de resocialización, el estudio de los medios de corrección y resocialización de los condenados, el análisis de la experiencia de los países extranjeros en el ámbito de la resocialización de los condenados, el análisis de las direcciones prioritarias de la política social de Ucrania en relación con la resocialización de las personas y el esbozo de formas de mejorar el estado de resocialización de los sentenciados en este país