Индивидуализация ответственности за "коллективные" преступления в международном уголовном праве

Волчкова А. О. Индивидуализация ответственности за "коллективные" преступления в международном уголовном праве / А. О. Волчкова // Міжнародні читання з міжнародного права пам’яті професора П.Є. Казанського : матер. третьої міжнар. наук. конф. (м. Одеса, 2–3 листопада 2012 р.) / відп. за випуск М. І. Пашковський ; НУ «ОЮА». – Одеса : Фенікс, 2012. – С. 436-439.Автор статьи делает вывод о том, что идея индивидуальной ответственности за нарушение норм международного права от коллективного порицания к справедливой оценке личного участия каждого виновного лица в международных преступлениях претерпела ряд изменений с момента создания Нюрнбергского трибунала. И на сегодняшний день возникла явная потребность в ограждении обвиняемого от размытых и расширенных границ ответственности

Интерпретация понятия "умышленное убийство" в практике Международного трибунала по бывшей Югославии

Волчкова А. О. Интерпретация понятия "умышленное убийство" в практике Международного трибунала по бывшей Югославии / А. О. Волчкова // Правове життя сучасної України : матеріали Міжнар. наук. конф. проф.-викл. та аспірант. складу (м. Одеса, 16-17 травня 2013 р.) / відп. за вип. В. М. Дрьомін ; НУ "ОЮА". Півд. регіон. центр НАПрН України. - Одеса : Фенікс, 2013. - Т. 1. - С. 378-380

The specifics of teaching the course «Advertising and public relations» for international students of the preparatory department

В статье освещается опыт преподавания курса «Реклама и связи с общественностью» на Подготовительном отделении Уральского федерального университета, а также излагаются основы построения учебного пособия по курсу. Этот предмет имеет ряд особенностей, обусловленных как междисциплинарным характером рекламы и СО, так и практической направленностью этих сфер коммуникации. Это обусловливает сложность лексической, грамматической, текстовой работы на занятиях. К тому же приходится учитывать разный уровень языковой компетенции учащихся.The article highlights the experience of teaching the course “Advertising and Public Relations” at the Preparatory Department of the Ural Federal University, and outlines the basics of building a textbook for the course. This subject has a number of features due to both the interdisciplinary nature of advertising and CO, and the practical orientation of these areas of communication. This determines the complexity of lexical, grammatical, and textual work in the classroom. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the different level of language competence of students

Hepatitis B virus and site-specific nucleases: effects of genetic modifications in CRISPR/Cas9 on antiviral activity

Chronic hepatitis B is a severe liver disease caused by persistent infection of hepatitis B virus in human hepatocytes. Chronic hepatitis B is one of the most common diseases in the world. According to recent estimations, more than 250 million people are chronically infected and more than 1 million of people die annually due to consequences of chronic hepatitis B: liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The key factor of hepatitis B virus persistency is a special form of viral genome called circular covalently closed DNA. Current therapeutics suppress viral replication but have no effect on circular covalently closed DNA as it exists in the nuclei of hepatocytes as a minichromosome and is not accessible for therapeutics. Commonly, viral reactivation occurs after cessation of treatment. Therefore, duration of antiviral treatment is supposed to be indefinitely long. One of the most promising approaches to target circular covalently closed DNA is the technology of site-specific nucleases CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes. A short guide RNA recruits an SpCas9 protein to the viral genome and induces generation of DNA double strand breaks. However, there are several limitations of CRISPR/Cas9 hampering translation of this technology into the clinic. First, efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 needs to be improved. Second, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated off-target mutagenesis represents a menacing problem which has to be addressed. To overcome these limitations, several approaches have been devised to improve CRISPR/Cas9 activity (modification of guide RNAs) and reduce off-target mutagenesis (a Cas9 protein with enhanced specificity, eSpCas9). In this study, we compared antiviral activity of a classic SpCas9 with an eSpCas9 system as well as analyzed effects of gRNAs modification on anti-HBV effects. Here, we demonstrated that SpCas9 has the highest antiviral potency, reducing transcription and replication of HBV over 90%. Hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA declined over 90% post CRISPR/Cas9 transfection. Although it was previously shown that modified guide RNAs increase nucleolytic activity of CRISPR/Cas9, our results indicated that this modification impairs antiviral activity of CRISPR/Cas9. To conclude, CRISPR/Cas9 effectively suppress viral replication and transcription per se. Described modifications do not potentiate antiviral activity of CRISPR/Cas9 system and should not be used for development of future therapeutics. The best strategy to improve CRISPR/Cas9 efficacy is to design new highly effective guide RNAs

Потенциальные предикторы тяжелого течения и исхода внебольничной пневмонии

Severe pneumonia is a condition with a high risk of death and mandatory hospitalization in the intensive care unit. The incidence of severe pneumonia has increased dramatically during the pandemic of new coronavirus infection. Timely diagnosis and early initiation of adequate treatment of severe pneumonia are crucial for improving survival of critically ill patients.The aim of this review was to analyze published scientific research on molecular markers that allow to objectively assess the severity of pneumonia and to determine treatment tactics based on the predicted outcome upon admission to the hospital. A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Medline, Web of Science for the period 2019 - 2022.Conclusion. The review focuses on the prognostic role of a number of markers of immune response, vascular transformation, as well as angiotensin II and angiotensin converting enzyme-2. Further prospective studies of potential predictors of severe pneumonia will enable using marker molecules in a comprehensive clinical and laboratory diagnosis for early prediction of the hospitalized patient’s condition and expected outcome.Тяжелая пневмония (ТП) — состояние, при котором отмечается высокий риск летального исхода, а госпитализация в отделение интенсивной терапии является обязательной. Заболеваемость ТП резко возросла в период пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции. Своевременная диагностика и раннее начало адекватного лечения ТП имеют решающее значение для повышения выживаемости тяжелобольных пациентов.Целью обзора явился анализ научных публикаций, посвященных изучению молекулярных маркеров, позволяющих уже при поступлении в стационар объективно оценить степень тяжести пневмонии и определить тактику лечения, основываясь на прогнозе возможного исхода заболевания. Систематический поиск проведен в электронных базах данных PubMed, Medline, Web of Science за 2019—2022 гг.Заключение. В обзоре внимание уделено прогностической роли ряда маркеров иммунного ответа организма, сосудистой трансформации, а также ангиотензина II и ангиотензинпревращающего фермента-2. Дальнейшие проспективные исследования потенциальных предикторов течения ТП позволят включить определение молекул-маркеров в комплексную клинико-лабораторную диагностику с целью раннего прогнозирования состояния госпитализируемого пациента и предполагаемого исхода

ТРУДНОСТИ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ МЕЗАДЕНИТОВ У БОЛЬНЫХ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИЕЙ

The development of mesenteric lymphadenitis is typical for patients with HIV infection at the stage of secondary diseases. The purpose of our study is to decipher the etiology of lymphadenitis in patients with HIV infection at the stage of secondary diseases. The analysis of disease histories of 113 HIV infection patients at the stage of secondary diseases with the use of statistical processing was carried out. The article presents examples that characterize the polymorphism of clinical variants of the development of mesadenitis in HIVinfected patients with stage 4B, which has developed as a result of the influence of various etiological factors.Развитие мезентериального лимфаденита характерно для больных ВИЧ-инфекцией на стадии вторичных заболеваний. Целью нашего исследования явилась расшифровка этиологии лимфаденита у больных ВИЧинфекцией на стадии вторичных заболеваний. Проведен анализ историй болезней 113 больных ВИЧ-инфекцией на стадии вторичных заболеваний с применением статистической обработки. В статье представлены примеры, характеризующие полиморфизм клинических вариантов развития мезаденита у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов на стадии 4В, развившегося в результате воздействия различных этиологических факторов

Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Russian Society for the Study of the Liver, the Russian Gastroenterological Association, the National Scientific Society of Infectious Disease Specialists for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C

Аim: diagnosis and treatment algorithms in the clinical recommendations intended for general practitioners, gastroenterologists, infectious disease specialists, hepatologists on the of chronic hepatitis C are presented.Summary. Chronic viral hepatitis C is a socially significant infection, the incidence of which in the Russian Federation remains significantly high. Over the past 10 years, great progress has been made in the treatment of hepatitis C — direct acting antiviral drugs have appeared. The spectrum of their effectiveness allows to achieve a sustained virological response in more than 90 % of cases, even in groups that were not previously considered even as candidates for therapy or were difficult to treat — patients receiving renal replacement therapy, after liver transplantation (or other organs), at the stage of decompensated liver cirrhosis, HIV co-infected, etc. Interferons are excluded from the recommendations due to their low effectiveness and a wide range of adverse events. The indications for the treatment have been expanded, namely, the fact of confirmation of viral replication. The terms of dispensary observation of patients without cirrhosis of the liver have been reduced (up to 12 weeks after the end of therapy). Also, these recommendations present approaches to active screening of hepatitis in risk groups, preventive and rehabilitation measures after the end of treatment.Conclusion. Great success has been achieved in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. In most cases, eradication of viral HCV infection is a real task even in patients at the stage of cirrhosis of the liver, with impaired renal function, HIV co-infection, after solid organs transplantation

Elucidating variations in the nucleotide sequence of Ebola virus associated with increasing pathogenicity

Background Ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans, with some species such as Ebola virus having case fatality rates approaching 90%. Currently, the worst Ebola virus outbreak since the disease was discovered is occurring in West Africa. Although thought to be a zoonotic infection, a concern is that with increasing numbers of humans being infected, Ebola virus variants could be selected which are better adapted for human-to-human transmission. Results To investigate whether genetic changes in Ebola virus become established in response to adaptation in a different host, a guinea pig model of infection was used. In this experimental system, guinea pigs were infected with Ebola virus (EBOV), which initially did not cause disease. To simulate transmission to uninfected individuals, the virus was serially passaged five times in naïve animals. As the virus was passaged, virulence increased and clinical effects were observed in the guinea pig. An RNAseq and consensus mapping approach was then used to evaluate potential nucleotide changes in the Ebola virus genome at each passage. Conclusions Upon passage in the guinea pig model, EBOV become more virulent, RNA editing and also coding changes in key proteins become established. The data suggest that the initial evolutionary trajectory of EBOV in a new host can lead to a gain in virulence. Given the circumstances of the sustained transmission of EBOV in the current outbreak in West Africa, increases in virulence may be associated with prolonged and uncontrolled epidemics of EBOV

Prolegomenon to the ontology of neoclassical philosophy

© 2019, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved. The situation into which modern philosophy falls today is fundamentally different. Conceptual changes and shifts in modern philosophical science concern not only the revision of the reality but also the explanation of new categories and principles. This paper aims to reveal the main content, reflective models and the potential of neoclassical philosophy in the context of the formation of a new ontology. For the objective to be achieved, the following tasks must be performed: to determine the modern type of determinism, to identify the fundamental principle of neoclassical philosophy, and also to determine its main category