245 research outputs found

    EinflĂŒsse der proinflammatorischen Zytokine Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor-Alpha und Interleukin-1 auf Meniskusgewebe vom Rind

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    Degenerative und entzĂŒndliche Gelenkerkrankungen wie Osteoarthrose und Rheumtoide Arthritis spielen in der Gesellschaft gerade auch vor dem Hintergrund der demografischen Entwicklung eine immer grĂ¶ĂŸere Rolle. Das Knie mit den fĂŒr seine biomechanische FunktionalitĂ€t wichtigen Menisken ist ein hĂ€ufig von diesen Erkrankungen betroffenes Gelenk. Dabei ist bekannt, dass proinflammatorische Zytokine wie IL-1 und TNF-α wichtige Mediatoren im Rahmen der pathophysiologischen Prozesse sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte in einem In-vitro-Modell mit dreitĂ€giger Inkubationszeit gezeigt werden, dass IL-1 und TNF-α zu einem verstĂ€rkten Metabolismus von Proteoglykanen am Meniskusgewebe von Rindern fĂŒhren. Sie fĂŒhrten dosis- und zeitabhĂ€ngig zu einer gesteigerten Freisetzung von Glykosaminoglykanen aus dem Gewebe. Des Weiteren konnte unter Einfluss der Zytokine eine vermehrte Spaltung von Aggrekan (NITEGE-Spaltfragmente) und eine gesteigerte Expression kataboler Enzyme (ADAMTS-4 sowie MMP-1, -2, -3 und -13) beobachtet werden. Durch Versuche mit Enzyminhibitoren (TIMPs) konnte gezeigt werden, dass Aggrekanasen (insbesondere ADAMTS-4) im Rahmen des Versuchszeitrahmens eine wichtige Rolle beim Proteoglykanabbau spielen. Durch zymografische Analysen konnte zudem Anhalt dafĂŒr gefunden werden, dass die in den Expressionsanalysen am stĂ€rksten heraufregulierte Matrixmetalloproteinase MMP-3 zunĂ€chst in erster Linie in ihrer biologisch inaktiven Pro-Form vorliegt und daher zu diesem Zeitpunkt der entzĂŒndlichen Prozesse am Meniskusgewebe eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen könnte. Neben dem gesteigerten Proteoglykanmetabolismus konnte unter Einfluss von TNF-α und IL-1 ebenfalls eine regelhaft gesteigerte Freisetzung von Stickoxid (NO) erfasst werden. Durch Versuche mit einem NO-Synthase-Inhibitor (L-NMMA) konnte fĂŒr den vorliegenden Versuchszeitrahmen von drei Tagen keine unmittelbare AbhĂ€ngigkeit des Proteoglykanmetabolismus von der NO-Freisetzung detektiert werden. Sowohl die zytokininduziert gesteigerte GAG-Freisetung als auch die gesteigerte Spaltung von Aggrekan blieb unter gehemmter NO-Produktion erhöht. Durch die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte zusammenfassend also bestĂ€tigt werden, dass TNF-α und IL-1 vergleichbar zu Forschungsergebnissen an Gelenkknorpelgewebe in wesentlichem Maße an der Induktion des Proteoglykanmetabolismus an Meniskusgewebe von Rindern beteiligt sind. Dabei scheint der gesteigerte Abbau von Proteoglykanen in der simulierten frĂŒhen entzĂŒndlichen Phase in erster Linie durch Aggrekanasen (ADAMTS-4) bewerkstelligt zu werden und von der ebenfalls gesteigerten NO-Freisetzung unabhĂ€ngig zu sein. TNF-α und IL-1 im Allgemeinen bzw. Aggrekanasen (ADAMTS-4) im Speziellen könnten also zukĂŒnftig weiterhin bzw. zusĂ€tzlich wichtige Angriffspunkte fĂŒr die Intervention bei Erkrankungen wie Osteoarthrose und Rheumatoider Arthritis darstellen. Weitere Untersuchungen an menschlichem Meniskusgewebe sollten folgen, um die pathophysiologischen ZusammenhĂ€nge von OA und RA noch detaillierter zu entschlĂŒsseln und um so noch spezifischere PrĂ€ventions- und Behandlungskonzepte entwickeln zu können

    Impact of nicotine and maternal BMI on fetal birth weight

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    Data from 110.047 singleton pregnancies, achieved from the German Perinatal Survey in Schleswig-Holstein and registered between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed in August 2018 concerning maternal BMI and smoking. The BMI was taken from the maternity log. Information concerning the smoking status were self-reported and further subdivided into the following four categories: a) non-smokers; b) 1-7 cigarettes/day; c) 8-14 cigarettes/ day; and d) ≄ 15 cigarettes/ day. Furthermore, we classified women by their BMI into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Comparisons between non-smokers and the respective smoking group, and their relationship with maternal BMI were performed by the t-test (birth weight). A number of 97.092 women (88.2%) were non-smokers and 12.955 (11.8%) were smokers. Furthermore 10.3% of women of normal weight smoked during pregnancy, but both high and low BMI were associated with a high prevalence of smoking. The proportion of smokers was highest (18.1%) among underweight women (BMI ≀ 18.5 kg/m2). A large number of smokers (15.5%) were registered in the obesity group (BMI ≄ 30 kg/m2). Mean birth weight (≄ 37 + 0 gestational age) increased with increasing maternal BMI, and was reduced by smoking for every BMI category. The differences between smokers and non-smokers were always highly significant (p < 0.001). Mean birth weight varied between 2995 g in underweight frequent smokers and 3607 g in obese non-smokers. Conclusion Both maternal BMI and smoking during pregnancy influences the birth weight and therefore pregnancy outcome. Smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with low birth weight. Pregnant women should be advised to cease or at least reduce smoking in order to improve the birth weight of the newborn and to minimize child morbidities

    Addition of Synthetic Feeding Attractant Increases Catches of Rhagoletis batava Hering and Carpomyia schineri Loew. in Fluorescent Yellow Sticky Traps

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    The addition of the synthetic Rhagoletis feeding attractant (consisting of ammonium carbonate and ammonium acetate, developed previously for Rhagoletis cerasi L.) to both fluorescent yellow or transparent sticky traps significantly increased catches of the fruit flies Rhagoletis batava Hering (pest of sea buckthorn) and Carpomyia schineri Loew. (pest of rose hips). Traps with lures were detecting the occurrence of both species 1–2 weeks before as compared to traps without lure, and quantitative aspects of the flight could be followed in more detail in traps with lure. Thus in detection and monitoring surveys, where sensitivity of the trap is highly important, the use of traps with synthetic lure added is strongly recommended

    Human TRMT2A methylates tRNA and contributes to translation fidelity

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    5-Methyluridine (m5U) is one of the most abundant RNA modifications found in cytosolic tRNA. tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (hTRMT2A) is the dedicated mammalian enzyme for m5U formation at tRNA position 54. However, its RNA binding specificity and functional role in the cell are not well understood. Here we dissected structural and sequence requirements for binding and methylation of its RNA targets. Specificity of tRNA modification by hTRMT2A is achieved by a combination of modest binding preference and presence of a uridine in position 54 of tRNAs. Mutational analysis together with cross-linking experiments identified a large hTRMT2A–tRNA binding surface. Furthermore, complementing hTRMT2A interactome studies revealed that hTRMT2A interacts with proteins involved in RNA biogenesis. Finally, we addressed the question of the importance of hTRMT2A function by showing that its knockdown reduces translation fidelity. These findings extend the role of hTRMT2A beyond tRNA modification towards a role in translation

    The influence of thermal evolution in the magnetic protection of terrestrial planets

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    Magnetic protection of potentially habitable planets plays a central role in determining their actual habitability and/or the chances of detecting atmospheric biosignatures. Here we develop a thermal evolution model of potentially habitable Earth-like planets and super-Earths (SEs). Using up-to-date dynamo-scaling laws, we predict the properties of core dynamo magnetic fields and study the influence of thermal evolution on their properties. The level of magnetic protection of tidally locked and unlocked planets is estimated by combining simplified models of the planetary magnetosphere and a phenomenological description of the stellar wind. Thermal evolution introduces a strong dependence of magnetic protection on planetary mass and rotation rate. Tidally locked terrestrial planets with an Earth-like composition would have early dayside magnetopause distances between 1.5 and 4.0 Rp , larger than previously estimated. Unlocked planets with periods of rotation ~1 day are protected by magnetospheres extending between 3 and 8 Rp . Our results are robust in comparison with variations in planetary bulk composition and uncertainties in other critical model parameters. For illustration purposes, the thermal evolution and magnetic protection of the potentially habitable SEs GL 581d, GJ 667Cc, and HD 40307g were also studied. Assuming an Earth-like composition, we found that the dynamos of these planets are already extinct or close to being shut down. While GL 581d is the best protected, the protection of HD 40307g cannot be reliably estimated. GJ 667Cc, even under optimistic conditions, seems to be severely exposed to the stellar wind, and, under the conditions of our model, has probably suffered massive atmospheric losses
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