Classification Of Antarctic Algae By Applying Kohonen Neural Network With 14 Elements Determined By Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Optical emission spectrometers can generate results, which sometimes are not easy to interpret, mainly when the analyses involve classifications. To make simultaneous data interpretation possible, the Kohonen neural network is used to classify different Antarctic algae according to their taxonomic groups from the determination of 14 analytes. The Kohonen neural network architecture used was 5×5 neurons, thus reducing 14-dimension input data to two-dimensional space. The input data were 14 analytes (As, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, V) with their concentrations, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry in 11 different species of algae. Three taxonomic groups (Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Cholorophyta) can be differentiated and classified through only their Cu content. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.605725730Martens, H., Naes, T., (1989) Multivariate Calibration, , Wiley New YorkMoberg, L., Robertsson, G., Karlberg, B., Spectrofluorimetric determination of chlorophylls and pheopigments using parallel factor analysis (2001) Talanta, 54, pp. 161-170Da Silva, J.C.G.E., Leitão, J.M.M., Costa, F.S., Ribeiro, J.L.A., Detection of verapamil drug by fluorescence and trilinear decomposition techniques (2002) Analytica Chimica Acta, 453, pp. 105-115Pereira-Filho, E.R., Pérez, C.A., Poppi, R.J., Arruda, M.A.Z., Metals distribution and investigation of L'vov platform surface using principal component analysis, multi-way principal component analysis, micro synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy after the determination of Al in a milk slurry sample (2002) Spectrochimica Acta, 57, pp. 1259-1276Pereira-Filho, E.R., Sena, M.M., Arruda, M.A.Z., Poppi, R.J., Exploratory analysis of L'vov platform surfaces for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by using three-way chemometric tools (2003) Analytica Chimica Acta, 495, pp. 177-193Tokutaka, H., Yoshihara, K., Fujimura, K., Obu-Cann, K., Iwamoto, K., Surface and interface analysis of GaSb/GaAs semiconductor materials (1999) Applications of Surface Science, 144-145, pp. 59-66Vander Heyden, Y., Vankeerberghen, P., Novic, M., Zupan, J., Massart, D.L., The application of Kohonen neural networks to diagnose calibration problems in atomic absorption spectrometry (2000) Talanta, 51, pp. 455-466Maia, D.R.J., Balbinot, L., Poppi, R.J., De Paoli, M.-A., Effect of conducting carbon black on the photostabilization of injection molded poly(propylene-co-ethylene) containing TiO2 (2003) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 82, pp. 89-98Fidêncio, P.H., Ruisánchez, I., Poppi, R.J., Application of artificial neural networks to the classification of soils from São Paulo state using near-infrared spectroscopy (2001) Analyst, 126, pp. 2194-2200Mazzatorta, P., Vracko, M., Jezierska, A., Benfenati, E., Modeling toxicity by using supervised Kohonen neural networks (2003) Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 43, pp. 485-492Zupan, J., Novic, M., Ruisánchez, I., Kohonen and counterpropagation artificial neural networks in analytical chemistry (1997) Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory, 38, pp. 1-23Farías, S., Pérez Arisnabarreta, S., Vodopivez, C., Smichowski, P., Levels of essential and potentially toxic trace metals in Antarctic macro algae (2002) Spectrochimica Acta, 57, pp. 2133-2140Haykin, S., (2001) Redes Neurais-Princípios e prática, , 2nd ed. Bookman Porto AlegreMelssen, W.J., Smits, J.R.M., Buydens, L.M.C., Kateman, G., Using artificial neural networks for solving chemical problems: Part II. Kohonen self-organising feature maps and Hopfield networks (1994) Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory, 23, pp. 267-291Zupan, J., Gasteiger, J., (1999) Neural Networks in Chemistry and Drug Design, , 2nd ed. Wiley-VCH WeinheimRantanen, J.T., Laine, S.J., Antikainen, O.K., Mannermaa, J.-P., Simula, O.E., Yliruusi, J.K., Visualization of fluid-bed granulation with self-organizing maps (2001) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical, 24, pp. 343-352Mauseth, J.D., (1998) Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, , Jones and Bartlett Publishers SudburySmichowski, P., Farías, S., Valiente, L., Iribarren, M.L., Vocopivez, C., Total As content of nine species of Antarctic macro algae as determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (2004) Analytical Bioanalysis Chemistry, 378, pp. 465-469Szolnoki, A.C., Báthori, M., Blunden, G., Determination of elements in algae by different atomic spectroscopic methods (2000) Micochemistry Journal, 67, pp. 39-42Vodopivez, C., Smichowski, P., Marcovecchio, J., Trace metals monitoring as a tool for characterization of Antarctic ecosystems and environmental management. the Argentine Programme at Jubany Station (2001) Environmental Contamination in Antarctica. a Challenge to Analytical Chemistry, pp. 155-180. , S. Caroli P. Cescon D.W.H. Walton Elsevier Amsterda

Heavy metals in sediments and soft tissues of the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica: More evidence as a ? Possible biomonitor of coastal marine pollution at high latitudes?

Studies on metal contamination in 25 de Mayo Island, Antarctica, yielded controversial results. In this work, we analyzed Antarctic marine sediments and Antarctic clam (Laternula elliptica) tissues to investigate the possible use of this mollusk as a biomonitor of metals and to identify the sources of metal pollution. Different types of paint from several buildings from Carlini Station were examined to assess their contribution to the local and random metal pollution. Five sediment samples, 105 L. elliptica specimens (40.2-78.0mm length) and four types of paint were analyzed to quantify Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Metal concentrations in sediments were lower than the global averages of the earth's crust, with the exception of Cd and Cu. These results were related to the contribution of the local fresh-water runoff. The different varieties of paint showed low levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn, whereas a broad range of values were found in the case of Cr and Pb (20-15,100μg·g-1 and 153-115,500μg·g-1 respectively). The remains of the paint would be responsible for the significant increases in Cr and Pb which are randomly detected by us and by other authors. High levels of Fe and Cd, in comparison to other Antarctic areas, appear to be related to the terrigenous materials transported by the local streams. Accumulation indexes suggested that kidney tissue from L. elliptica could be an adequate material for biomonitoring pollution with Cd, Zn and probably also Pb. In general, relationships between size and metal contents reported by other authors were not verified, suggesting that this issue should be revised. elliptica could be adequate for biomonitoring pollution with Cd and Zn.Fil: Vodopivez, Leopoldo Cristian. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Curtosi, Antonio. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Villaamil Lepori, Edda Cristina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Smichowski, Patricia Nora. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pelletier, Emilien. Université du Québec à Rimouski; CanadáFil: Mac Cormack, Walter Patricio. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Nanobiotecnología; Argentin