Создание условий для адаптации выпускников на рынке труда

There are errors in Table 1. Standard deviation is reported instead of standard error of the mean (SEM) for post-challenge stress protocol. Erroneous mean and SEM values are present for group-housed females in the GnRH challenge. Please see the corrected Table 1 here

Manipulation of primary sex ratio in birds:Lessons from the Homing Pigeon (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>)

Across various animal taxa not only the secondary sex ratio but also the primary sex ratio (at conception) shows significant deviations from the expected equal proportions of sons and daughters. Birds are especially intriguing to study this phenomenon as avian females are the heterogametic sex (ZW); therefore sex determination might be under direct control of the mother. Avian sex ratios vary in relation to environmental or maternal condition, which can also affect the production of maternal steroids that in turn are involved in reproduction and accumulate in the developing follicle before meiosis. As the proximate mechanisms underlying biased primary sex ratio are largely elusive, we explored how, and to what extent, maternal steroid hormones may be involved in affecting primary or secondary sex ratio in clutches of various species of pigeons. First we demonstrated a clear case of seasonal change in sex ratio in first eggs both in the Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) and in a related species, the Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus), both producing clutches of two eggs. In the Homing Pigeon (Columba livia domestica), domesticated from the Rock Pigeon, testosterone treatment of breeding females induced a clear male bias, while corticosterone induced a female bias in first eggs and we argue that this is in line with sex allocation theory. We next analyzed treatment effects on follicle formation, yolk mass, and yolk hormones, the latter both pre- and post-ovulatory, in order to test a diversity of potential mechanisms related to both primary and secondary sex ratio manipulation. We conclude that maternal plasma hormone levels may affect several pre- ovulatory mechanisms affecting primary sex ratio, whereas egg hormones are probably involved in secondary sex ratio manipulation only.</p

Современные представления о НСV−инфекции

Рассмотрены достижения в изучении этиологии, патогенеза и клиники НСV−инфекции. Описаны современные возможности лабораторной и инструментальной диагностики заболевания, основные принципы лечения в зависимости от тяжести течения и активности патологического процесса в печени.The achievements in the study of the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HCV infection are discussed. Contemporary capabilities of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of the disease as well as main principles of treatment depending on the severity of the course and activity of the pathological process in the liver are described

Measuring Endogenous Corticosterone in Laboratory Mice - a Mapping Review, Meta-Analysis, and Open Source Database

Evaluating stress in laboratory animals is a key principle in animal welfare. Measuring corticosterone is a common method to assess stress in laboratory mice. There are, however, numerous methods to measure glucocorticoids with differences in sample matrix (e.g., plasma, urine) and quantification techniques (e.g., enzyme immunoassay or radioimmunoassay). Here, the authors present a mapping review and a searchable database, giving a complete overview of all studies measuring endogenous corticosterone in mice up to February 2018. For each study, information was recorded regarding mouse strain and sex; corticosterone sample matrix and quantification technique; and whether the study covered the research theme animal welfare, neuroscience, stress, inflammation, or pain (the themes of specific interest in our consortium). Using all database entries for the year 2012, an exploratory meta-regression was performed to determine the effect of predictors on basal corticosterone concentrations. Seventy-five studies were included using the predictors sex, time-since-lights-on, sample matrix, quantification technique, age of the mice, and type of control. Sex, time-since-lights-on, and type of control significantly affected basal corticosterone concentrations. The resulting database can be used, inter alia, for preventing unnecessary duplication of experiments, identifying knowledge gaps, and standardizing or heterogenizing methodologies. These results will help plan more efficient and valid experiments in the future and can answer new questions in silico using meta-analyses

Importance of Basic Research on the Causes of Feather Pecking in Relation to Welfare

Feather pecking is a prominent issue in the commercial egg industry, associated with economic losses and welfare problems. A non-systematic literature search suggests that studies on feather pecking are predominantly concerned with applied research goals. That is to say, they aim to solve or diminish the effects of this problematic behavior by orienting towards practical approaches. The strong emphasis on this research approach has skewed our knowledge of the causes of feather pecking in relation to welfare. While the need for such research is high, there is an equivalent need for basic research that has not received corresponding effort. Also, current research predominantly focuses on the negative effects on the birds being pecked, whereas too little attention is given to the possible welfare problems of the peckers. We argue that more basic research is needed for obtaining comprehensive science-based knowledge of behavioral needs and abilities of hens, in particular with respect to behavioral problems that threaten their welfare

Timeline of experimental procedures, and separations of pairs and groups.

<p>Timeline of experimental procedures, and separations of pairs and groups.</p

Plasma hormones.

<p>(A) plasma androgen concentration in ng/ml before and 30 minutes after an injection with 5 μg GnRH. (B) plasma CORT concentration in ng/ml before and after being restrained for 10 minutes (backtransformed from Log10). (C) baseline plasma androgen concentration and (D) baseline plasma CORT concentrations in ng/ml of bald and non-bald pair-housed females, and bald and non-bald group-housed females. Data from bald pair-housed females are indicated by solid circles, but were not used in the statistical analyses. Data are shown as means ± 1 SEM. Numbers between brackets indicate sample sizes. ** = p < 0.01; * = p < 0.05; # = p < 0.1; ns = not significant.</p

Data for: Cortisol during adolescence organises personality traits and behavioural syndromes

This dataset is associated with the article "Cortisol during adolescence organises personality traits and behavioural syndromes ". The data are used in all statistical analyses indicated in the main body of the manuscript

Social dominance in early stressed vs control male (N = 40) and female (N = 18) chickens.

<p>The figure shows the number of tested pairs in which either the early stressed or the control bird was scored as dominant. * : P< 0.05, NS = not significant.</p

Significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms among the 199 genes overlapping in the top 1000 list of differential gene expression in both 28 days old (post-restraint) and 213 days old male chickens.

<p>The table shows the GO-term assigned by the software DAVID, the number of genes in the category (Count) and the P-value (adjusted for false discovery rate) for the enrichment of the term.</p><p>Significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms among the 199 genes overlapping in the top 1000 list of differential gene expression in both 28 days old (post-restraint) and 213 days old male chickens.</p