Introducing the sustainability framework of ‘external control’ in interfirm control

This study addresses the phenomenon of interfirm control in the context of sustainability. The research question is: How is it possible to develop interfirm control in the field of sustainability and with the associated stakeholder focus needed, so that stakeholder views are taken as explicit goals? The study is connected to theories on interfirm control, control package, and sustainability. The research uses an intensive case methodology and semi-structured interviews focusing on a case company in the building industry and its stakeholders. The major theme of control in the company studied is sustainability. The paper reveals attempts by the company to establish interfirm control, and even to control customers, as has been rarer. However, it is shown that the control approach to sustainability can result in the theme being defined on the basis of the perspective of the industry, the company, and control itself, not on the basis of stakeholder needs. Alternative ideas, such as wider societal and planet-related needs, contradictions within sustainability, and the risk of simplification to economic concerns, are considered less. The study then presents a novel framework, ‘external control’, that considers stakeholder expectations as explicit goals. This framework of external control contributes to the interfirm control literature and ties missing perspectives to controls, thereby also contributing to the sustainability and control package literatures.Peer reviewe

Accountability for sustainability : An institutional entrepreneur as the representative of future stakeholders

Stakeholder views have often been presented as the source of sustainability while a lack of sustainability has been presented as a self-centered focus on the organization itself. The present paper reports a case in which a case organization, not present stakeholders, brings up sustain-ability and a concern for future stakeholders. We rely on interviews and archival data gathered in a case organization in the construction industry, and interview data from stakeholders. The study shows how the representatives of the case organization feel accountable to future (not present) stakeholders’ needs, as present stakeholders are considered to be short-term oriented. As it is organizational representatives, not stakeholders, who predominantly envision the future, the source of accountability for sustainability appears, surprisingly, to originate from the organiza-tion itself. The organization thus becomes an institutional entrepreneur in altering accountabil-ities in the industry. This is shown here particularly in the organization’s “war against the gray economy”. It is suggested that the needs of certain stakeholders whose views cannot easily be expressed in existing accountability systems, such as future stakeholders, flora and fauna, can sometimes be legitimately represented by unexpected entities. The study also sheds light on an important paradox in sustainability: it requires dialogue with stakeholders while future stake-holders, considered important, cannot directly participate in a dialogue and it is uncertain who can speak for such stakeholders. In this study, the organizational representatives represent the future stakeholders, making true dialogue with outsiders demanding. Concerns for dialogue and the future can sometimes contradict each other.Peer reviewe

Yersinia enterocolitica ja Yersinia pseudotuberculosis suomalaisissa elintarvikkeissa : riskiprofiili

Yersinioosi on Yersinia enterocolitica- tai Y. pseudotuberculosis -bakteereiden aiheuttama suolistoinfektio. Sen pääoireet ovat kuume, vatsakivut, ripuli ja oksentelu, jotka kestävät tavallisesti 1-3 viikkoa. Oireet voivat muistuttaa umpilisäkkeen tulehdusta ja johtaa turhaan umpilisäkkeen poistoon. Tauti voi aiheuttaa vuosia kestäviä jälkitauteja. Suomessa raportoidaan vuosittain 500-700 yersiniatartuntaa. Y. enterocolitica aiheuttaa yleensä yksittäisiä infektioita; viimeisten 10 vuoden aikana on todettu yksi epidemia. Y. pseudotuberculosis on aiheuttanut yhdeksän epidemiaa, mikä on kansainvälisestikin poikkeuksellista. Sianlihaa pidetään Y. enterocolitican tärkeimpänä tartunnanlähteenä ihmiselle. Y. pseudotuberculosis -epidemioissa kasvikset, erityisesti porkkanat on todettu epidemioiden lähteeksi. Suomalainen sika toimii Y. enterocolitican varastona. Tähän asti on arveltu, että valtaosa yersiniatapauksista olisi kotimaisia, mutta luultavasti tartuntojen kotimaisuusaste on oletettua alhaisempi. Enteropatogeenisista yersinioista tarvittaisiin lisää tietoa riskinarviointia varten, jotta riskinhallinta voitaisiin kohdentaa oikein. Ensin tarvitaan kuitenkin toimivia analyysimenetelmiä, jotta riskielintarvikkeita ja tartuntateitä voidaan selvittää.Yersinios är en bakteriell tarminfektion som orsakas av antingen Yersinia enterocolitica eller Y. pseudotuberculosis. De vanligaste symptomen är magsmärtor, feber, diarré och kräkningar. Symptomen varar i 1-3 veckor, ibland längre. Symptomen kan påminna om blindtarmsinflammation och kan därför leda till onödiga operationer. Yersinios kan också orsaka långvariga komplikationer. I Finland rapporteras årligen 500-700 fall av yersinios. Y. enterocolitica orsakar mestadels enstaka sjukdomsfall; inom det sista årtiondet har man konstaterat endast en epidemi. Y. pseudotuberculosis har däremot inom samma period orsakat nio stora epidemier, vilket är sällsynt även internationellt sett. Fläskkött är troligen den viktigaste smittkällan av Y. enterocolitica. I epidemier orsakade av Y. pseudotuberculosis har ofta grönsaker, speciellt morötter, spridit smittan. Finska grisar utgör en reservoar för Y. enterocolitica, men det har visat sig att smittorna i lägre grad än man har trott är av inhemskt ursprung. En riskvärdering av yersinios i livsmedelskedjan är nödvändig för att kunna kontrollera riskerna. Innan man kan kartlägga risklivsmedel och smittvägar, måste man utveckla effektiva analysmetoder.Yersiniosis is an intestinal infection caused by either Yersinia enterocolitica or Y. pseudotuberculosis. The main symptoms are abdominal pain, fever, diarrhoea and vomiting which last from one to three weeks, sometimes even longer. Symptoms can resemble appendicitis and lead to an unnecessary operation. Yersiniosis can also cause long-lasting sequelae. In Finland, 500-700 cases of yersiniosis are reported annually. Infections caused by Y. enterocolitica are mostly sporadic. Only one epidemic has been reported during the last ten years, whereas Y. pseudotuberculosis has caused nine epidemics during the same time, which is exceptional even internationally. Pork is probably the most important vehicle of Y. enterocolitica. Epidemics caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis have been linked to vegetables, especially carrots. Finnish pigs form a reservoir of Y. enterocolitica, but it seems contrary to what has been taught previously, that yersiniosis is not always domestic. A risk assessment of enteropathogenic yersinia in the food chain is necessary in order to focus risk management measures. Before foods at risk or routes of transmission can be determined, efficient analysis methods should be developed

Instruments assessing nurse educator's competence : A scoping review

AimThe aim of this review was to synthesize the instruments that assess nurse educators' competence. DesignA scoping review was conducted with the five-stage process informed by Arksey and O'Malley. Review MethodsThe predetermined search strategy was used including an additional hand search. The studies were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria to answer the research questions followed: (1) "What instruments are used to assess nurse educators' competence?", (2) "How are the psychometric properties of nurse educators' competence instruments reported in the literature?". The thematic synthesis was used. Data SourcesThe literature search was conducted in January 2021 using the CINAHL, MEDLINE and ERIC databases from January 2000 to December 2020. ResultsOf the 1,567 articles searched through, 25 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 19 instruments with 10 areas of competence were identified. Typical competence areas were pedagogical and nursing competence. In addition, leadership in managerial competence was included in several instruments. However, the theoretical backgrounds of the instruments varied and the psychometric properties were reported in varied ways in reviewed studies. Implications for the ProfessionThis study provides evidence about the valid and comprehensive assessment of nurse educators' competence, as competent nurse educators promote excellence in nursing education. To assess a nurse educators' competence comprehensively, a variety of theoretical backgrounds of this competence and more than one instrument for the measurement need to be considered. The selection of the instruments to assess nurse educators' competence should be based on the selected theoretical background and use of valid measurements. Reporting MethodThis study was reported by following the reporting recommendations of the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Patient or Public ContributionNo Patient or Public Contribution was applied, since research design was a scoping review.Peer reviewe

Simulation based models may assist the identification of potentially large outbreaks

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Perceptions of Finnish livestock producers regarding the costs of biosecurity

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The impacts of nature connectedness on children's well-being : Systematic literature review

Direct and indirect well-being benefits of children and adolescent's nature connectedness are a growing societal interest. Accordingly, they are increasingly studied and the field of research is evolving rapidly. However, the conceptualization and operationalization of nature connectedness, well-being and their interaction, as well as the empirical methods that are used to analyze them, vary remarkably. We conducted a systematic literature review on how children's nature connectedness and its well-being impacts have been studied during the past two decades and what are the key findings regarding the connection. Our analysis covered qualitative and quantitative studies, which all showed the positive effects of nature connectedness on well-being. Qualitative studies gave a voice to children in defining nature and its well-being impacts, while quantitative studies measured the connection using various nature connectedness scales. We conclude with recommendations for developing the research field in the future to fulfil current research gaps and to guide societal development to support children's well-being.© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Afrikkalaisen sikaruton taudinpurkauksen simuloidut taloudelliset vaikutukset Suomessa

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