Comparing electricity transitions:

AbstractThis paper contributes to understanding national variations in using low-carbon electricity sources by comparing the evolution of nuclear, wind and solar power in Germany and Japan. It develops and applies a framework for analyzing low-carbon electricity transitions based on interplay of techno-economic, political and socio-technical processes. We explain why in the 1970s–1980s, the energy paths of the two countries were remarkably similar, but since the 1990s Germany has become a leader in renewables while phasing out nuclear energy, whereas Japan has deployed less renewables while becoming a leader in nuclear power. We link these differences to the faster growth of electricity demand and energy insecurity in Japan, the easier diffusion of onshore wind power technology and the weakening of the nuclear power regime induced by stagnation and competition from coal and renewables in Germany. We show how these changes involve the interplay of five distinct mechanisms which may also play a role in other energy transitions

The Effect of Digital Economy and Artificial Intelligence on The Participants of The School Educational Process

The article examines the nature of the effect of the digital economy and artificial intelligence on the participants of the school educational process. The study deploys a Likert scale questionnaire, focused interview, and IBM SPSS Statistics 22 as the main instruments. The authors determine the status of a teacher in the AI-teacher system and identify the nature of AI’s influence on the students and communication within the teacher-student-teacher system. Support is provided for the hypothesis suggesting that the effect of the digital economy and AI on the participants of the school educational process (teachers and students) is complex and controversial and causes the differences in the teachers’ positions depending on their age, working experience, and the subject of specialization. The primary advantage of the article is the identification of stable relationships in the teacher-student-teacher system developing with the help of AI. The study indicates the teacher’s advantage over AI in teaching technique and social influence, as well as the negative effect of AI on students’ health. For the first time, the authors examine the nature of role changes in the AI-teacher system in the context of a global pandemic. The danger of AI replacing teachers with the help of teachers themselves is identified. The acquired results may be used by theorists and practitioners for further development of the foundations of the system of education and human interaction with AI in the digital economy

Disproportions of Supply and Demand in the Personnel Reproduction System for the Transport Industry

Современная система подготовки кадров для транспортной отрасли претерпела существенные изменения после распада механизма распределения выпускников и переходу к трехуровневой модели подготовки в рамках высшего образования. Перманентный кризис в образовательной среде привел к возникновению диспропорций спроса и предложения. В статье проведен анализ потребностей транспортной отрасли в разрезе каждого сегмента (автомобильный, железнодорожный, водный, воздушный) и дана оценка возможностей системы подготовки кадров для работы на транспорте. Подведомственность университетов наложила свой отпечаток на процент специализации каждого из них и долю обучающихся за счет бюджетных ассигнований. Определение коэффициентов парной регрессии позволило сделать вывод о наличии прямой и достаточно высокой силы связи между обозначенными параметрами. Была получена оценка емкости рынка транспортной отрасли, которая показала, что в избытке в настоящее время работники авиационных предприятий. Остальные сектора дефицитны в той или иной степени. Метод передвижек позволил сделать вывод о формировании еще большего дефицита по демографическим основаниям в долгосрочной перспективе. Результатом явилось обобщение итогов подготовки кадров университетами, подведомственными Министерству транспорта РФ, а также некоторые количественные параметры потребности транспортных предприятий. Научная новизна заключается в обосновании несбалансированности запросов транспортной отрасли с возможностями системы высшего образования. Практическая значимость работы отражается в конкретизации возникающей диспропорции в разрезе отдельных секторов транспортной отрасли. Такой подход позволяет принимать системные управленческие решения для достижения согласованности действий участников образовательного процесса.The modern system of personnel training for the transport industry has undergone significant changes after the collapse of the mechanism of graduates’ distribution and the transition to a three-level model of training in higher education. The permanent crisis in the educational environment has led to the emergence of supply and demand imbalances. The article analyzes the needs of the transport industry in the context of each segment (automobile, railway, water, air) and assesses the capabilities of the personnel training system for working in transport. The universities’ subordination has influenced the percentage of specialization of each of them and the share of students at the expense of budget allocations. The determination of the coefficients of paired regression shows a direct and quite a strong connection between the indicated parameters. The market capacity of the transport industry is assessed, showing that currently there are employees of aviation enterprises in excess. The other sectors are more or less deficient. The cohort-component method forecasts an even greater demographic deficit in the long term. There are generalized the results of personnel training by universities subordinate to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, as well as some quantitative parameters of the needs of transport enterprises. This research is an attempt to explain the imbalance between the demands of the transport industry and the capabilities of the higher education system. What seems practically important is that the study specifies the emerging disproportion in the context of individual sectors of the transport industry. This approach will probably allow the reader to make system management decisions for coordinating the educational process participants’ actions.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке в рамках реализации программы развития НГТУ, научный проект № С21–20.The study was financially supported within the implementation of the Development Program of Novosibirsk State Technical University, Scientific Project С21–20

SYNTHESIS OF AN ACTIVE SHIELDING SYSTEM OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF POWER LINES BASED ON MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

Purpose. The synthesis of the active shielding systems by technogenic magnetic field generated by the different types of high voltage power lines in a given region of space using various cables of controlled magnetic field sources. Methodology. The initial parameters for the synthesis of active shielding system parameters are the location of the high voltage power lines with respect to the protected transmission line space, geometry and number of cables, operating currents, as well as the size of the protected space and normative value magnetic field induction, which should be achieved as a result of shielding. The objective of the synthesis of the active shielding system is to determine their number, configuration, spatial arrangement, wiring diagrams and compensation cables currents, setting algorithm of the control systems as well as the resulting value of the induction magnetic field at the points of the protected space. Synthesis of active shielding system is reduced to the problem of multiobjective nonlinear programming with constraints in which calculation of the objective functions and constraints are carried out on the basis of Biot – Savart – Laplace law. The problem is solved by a stochastic multi-agent optimization of multiswarm of particles which can significantly reduce the time to solve it. Results. Active screening system synthesis results for the various types of transmission lines and with different amounts of controlled cables is given. The possibility of a significant reduction in the level of induction of the magnetic field source within a given region of space. Originality. For the first time carried out the synthesis of the active shielding systems, by magnetic field generated by the different types of high voltage power lines within a given region of space controlled by a magnetic field sources with different amounts of controlled cables. Practical value, Practical recommendations on reasonable choice of the number and spatial arrangement of compensating cables of active shielding systems for different types of high voltage power lines in order to ensure the effectiveness of a given shielding of the magnetic field high voltage power lines

Comparing electricity transitions: A historical analysis of nuclear, wind and solar power in Germany and Japan

This paper contributes to understanding national variations in using low-carbon electricity sources by comparing the evolution of nuclear, wind and solar power in Germany and Japan. It develops and applies a framework for analyzing low-carbon electricity transitions based on interplay of techno-economic, political and socio-technical processes. We explain why in the 1970s–1980s, the energy paths of the two countries were remarkably similar, but since the 1990s Germany has become a leader in renewables while phasing out nuclear energy, whereas Japan has deployed less renewables while becoming a leader in nuclear power. We link these differences to the faster growth of electricity demand and energy insecurity in Japan, the easier diffusion of onshore wind power technology and the weakening of the nuclear power regime induced by stagnation and competition from coal and renewables in Germany. We show how these changes involve the interplay of five distinct mechanisms which may also play a role in other energy transitions

Energy Security of China, India, the E.U. and the U.S. under Long-term Scenarios: Results from Six IAMs

This paper assesses energy security in three long-term energy scenarios (a business as usual development, a projection of Copenhagen commitments, and a 450 ppm stabilization scenario) as modeled in six integrated assessment models: GCAM, IMAGE, MESSAGE, ReMIND, TIAM-ECN and WITCH. We systematically evaluate potential long-term vulnerabilities of vital energy systems of four major economies: China, the European Union, India and the U.S., as expressed by several characteristics of energy trade, resource extraction, and diversity of energy options. Our results show that climate policies are likely to lead to significantly lower global energy trade and reduce energy imports of major economies, decrease the rate of resource depletion, and increase the diversity of energy options, particularly in the especially vulnerable transportation sector. China, India and the E.U. will derive particularly strong benefits from climate policies, whereas the U.S. may forego some opportunities to export fossil fuels in the second half of the century

On the Issue of State Support of Agriculture: Regional Aspect

Agro-industrial complex (AIC) - a complex socio-economic system, which includes companies with different forms of ownership and management. State regulation should ensure the effective functioning of agro-industrial complex as a single mechanism, taking into account the equality of all forms of economic entities, based on the harmonization of their interests. In addition, AIC is complex and biotech system. In agriculture, the most important use natural means of production. Land, water, etc. On results of operations is greatly affected by climatic and meteorological conditions, which determine the risky nature of production in agriculture. Agriculture, in view of the fact that this industry is the most capital and energy-intensive, less attractive to investors and entrepreneurs. In its development of agriculture and food yields 33 processing industry, which uses imported raw materials, the volume of which is growing faster than domestic production. Therefore, state regulation and support the development of agro-industrial complex - a objective necessity of a market economy. Keywords: economy, agriculture, government support JEL Classifications: E20, O13, O3

Compensating affected parties necessary for rapid coal phase-out but expensive if extended to major emitters

Coal power phase-out is critical for climate mitigation, yet it harms workers, companies, and coal-dependent regions. We find that more than half of countries that pledge coal phase-out have “just transition” policies which compensate these actors. Compensation is larger in countries with more ambitious coal phase-out pledges and most commonly directed to national and regional governments or companies, with a small share going directly to workers. Globally, compensation amounts to over $200 billion (uncertainty 163-258), about half of which is funded through international schemes, mostly through Just Energy Transition Partnerships and the European Union Just Transition Fund. If similar transfers are extended to China and India to phase out coal in line with the Paris temperature targets, compensation flows could become larger than current international climate financing. Our findings highlight that the socio-political acceptance of coal phase-out has a tangible economic component which should be factored into assessing the feasibility of achieving climate targets

Dividend Payments and Cross-country Differences in the Choice of Dividend

One of the hallmarks of good corporate governance is a well built and complies with the dividend policy, taking into account the interests of both the majority and minority shareholders, companies need to preserve and accrued competitive position in the market. Companies that pay dividends pay attention to credit rating agencies. A comparative analysis of the main indicators of dividend in the emerging markets of Russia and Poland with the performance of the developed markets of France and Germany. In the Russian data tested Lintner model describes well the trajectory of dividend payments in the developed markets. Isolated set of financial results of Russian companies that have an impact on their decision to pay dividends on the selected size of payments, revealed differences in dividend-making companies that have carried out cross-listing from making dividend companies whose shares are listed in Russia. This paper discusses mainly observed the company's decision to pay or not to pay dividends and the establishment of the amount of dividends in each year separately. For a description of such decisions used the term “dividend of choice” or “dividend decisions”. It also shows that dividend decisions of companies can vary significantly in different countries. Keywords: Financial capital structure, dividend policy, financial markets, dividend option JEL Classifications: G32, F62, D5