44 research outputs found

    Scale dependency in the hydromorphological control of a stream ecosystem functioning

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    Physical habitat degradation is prevalent in river ecosystems. Although still little is known about the ecological consequences of altered hydromorphology, understanding the factors at play can contribute to sustainable environmental management. In this study we aimed to identify the hydromorphological features controlling a key ecosystem function and the spatial scales where such linkages operate. As hydromorphological and chemical pressures often occur in parallel, we examined the relative importance of hydromorphological and chemical factors as determinants of leaf breakdown. Leaf breakdown assays were investigated at 82 sites of rivers throughout the French territory. Leaf breakdown data were then crossed with data on water quality and with a multi-scale hydro- morphological assessment (i.e. upstream catchment, river segment, reach and habitat) when quantitative data were available. Microbial and total leaf breakdown rates exhibited differential responses to both hydromorphological and chemical alterations. Relationships between the chemical quality of the water and leaf breakdown were weak, while hydromorphological integrity explained independently up to 84.2% of leaf breakdown. Hydrological and morphological parameters were the main predictors of microbial leaf breakdown, whereas hydrological parameters had a major effect on total leaf breakdown, particularly at large scales, while morphological parameters were important at smaller scales. Microbial leaf breakdown were best predicted by hydromorphological features defined at the upstream catchment level whereas total leaf breakdown were best predicted by reach and habitat level geomorphic variables. This study demonstrates the use of leaf breakdown in a biomonitoring context and the importance of hydromorphological integrity for the functioning of running water. It provides new insights for envi- ronmental decision-makers to identify the management and restoration actions that have to be un- dertaken including the hydromorphogical features that should be kept in minimal maintenance to support leaf breakdown

    Machines tournantes sur paliers magnétiques actifs (modélisation et contrôle anti-vibratoire numérique)

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    Les Paliers Magnétiques Actifs (PMA) constituent aujourd'hui une technologie fiable et performante appliquée au domaine des machines tournantes haute vitesse (pompes, gros compresseurs, électro-broches). Le principe de fonctionnement d'un PMA peut être décrit de la manière suivante: des électro-aimants en chaîne avec des amplificateurs de puissance, une électronique de commande et des détecteurs de position permettent de maintenir un rotor en lévitation dans le champ magnétique créé. Chaque asservissement de position commande un degré de liberté. Nous avons étudié les éléments constitutifs (capteurs, actionneurs, filtres) et les phénomènes caractéristiques (effets gyroscopiques, raideurs négatives, modes) des machines tournantes sur PMA. Puis, partant de cette base, nous nous sommes attachés à la modélisation de ces machines tournantes sous différentes formes, en fonction des informations disponibles: modèle par éléments finis modal ou nodal, modèle d'état, modèle identifié, modèle sous forme de fonctions de transfert, etc. Le balourd est un défaut incontournable des machines tournantes. Des vibrations de la machine en résultent, sous l'effet des forces développées par les paliers pour s'opposer aux forces des balourds. La manifestation la plus gênante se produit lors du franchissement d'une vitesse critique (coïncidence d'une fréquence propre du rotor et de la vitesse de rotation). L'une des solutions possibles consiste à équilibrer le rotor. Dans le cas des paliers magnétiques actifs, la force de contre-réaction du stator à l'origine des vibrations résulte d'une fluctuation des forces engendrés par les champs magnétiques. Elle est donc directement visible sur les signaux de commande des électroaimants. Nous proposons deux nouvelles approches, l'une en boucle ouverte et l'autre en boucle fermée, baptisée AVR (Active Vibration Rejection), qui minimisent cette partie synchrone et permettent de s'affranchir de l'influence du balourd. Cette dernière méthode a fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet. Enfin, en parallèle avec les autres sujets, nous avons travaillé sur le développement d'un outil logiciel permettant d'intégrer le travail de modélisation développé, ainsi que des fonctionnalités d'analyse pour la mise au point de correcteurs pour les PMA.Active Magnetic bearings (AMB) constitutes today a reliable and powerful technology applied to the field of high speed rotating machines (pumps, large compressors, electro-spindles). The principle of operation of an AMB can be described in the following way: electromagnets linked to power amplifiers, an electronic control device and position sensors make it possible to maintain a rotor in levitation in the magnetic field created. Each closed-loop position control refers to one degree of freedom of the rotor. We studied the components (sensors, actuators, filters) and the typical phenomena (gyroscopic effects, negative stiffness, modes) of the rotating machines on AMB. Then, on that basis, we worked on the modelling of those rotating machines in various forms, according to the available information: finite elements modal or nodal model, state-space model, identified model, transfer functions model, etc. The unbalance is an inevitable imperfection of rotating machines. The vibrations of the machine result from this unbalance, under the effect of the forces developed by the bearings in order to counteract the forces of the unbalances. The most awkward demonstration occurs during the crossing of a critical speed (coincidence of a natural frequency of the rotor and the rotational speed). One of the possible solutions consists in balancing the rotor. In the case of the active magnetic bearings, the force of negative feedback of the stator which is the source of the vibrations results from a fluctuation of the forces generated by the magnetic fields. It is thus directly visible on the control signals of the electromagnets. We propose in this thesis two new original approaches, the first one in open loop and the other one in closed loop, named AVR (Active Vibration Rejection), which minimizes the synchronous part of the control signal and make it possible to eliminate the influence of the unbalance. This last method made has been patented. Lastly, parallel to the other subjects, we worked on the development of a software tool in order to gather and integrate the modelling work, as well as analysis functions for the tuning of controllers for AMB.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Le fer et la rivière Prospection thématique (2019)

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